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Near term quantum computers with a high quantity (around 50) and quality (around 0.995 fidelity for two-qubit gates) of qubits will approximately sample from certain probability distributions beyond the capabilities of known classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-23 Sergio Boixo , Sergei V. Isakov , Vadim N. Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven

In this note we describe a simple and intriguing observation: the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) over $Z_q$, which is considered the most ``quantum'' part of Shor's algorithm, can in fact be simulated efficiently by classical computers.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dorit Aharonov , Zeph Landau , Johann Makowsky

Verifying equivalence between two quantum circuits is a hard problem, that is nonetheless crucial in compiling and optimizing quantum algorithms for real-world devices. This paper gives a Turing reduction of the (universal) quantum circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-28 Jingyi Mei , Tim Coopmans , Marcello Bonsangue , Alfons Laarman

As we approach the era of quantum advantage, when quantum computers (QCs) can outperform any classical computer on particular tasks, there remains the difficult challenge of how to validate their performance. While algorithmic success can…

Recursive techniques have recently been introduced into quantum programming so that a variety of large quantum circuits and algorithms can be elegantly and economically programmed. In this paper, we present a proof system for formal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-08 Mingsheng Ying , Zhicheng Zhang

We propose an approach for quantifying a quantum circuit's quantumness as a means to understand the nature of quantum algorithmic speedups. Since quantum gates that do not preserve the computational basis are necessary for achieving quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-04 Yaoyun Shi

Quantum circuit equivalence checking asks whether two circuits implement the same unitary. It guarantees compiler correctness and safe optimization, yet most existing approaches scale exponentially with the number of qubits or the circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Daisuke Sakamoto , Soshun Naito , Yusei Mori , Kosuke Mitarai

To witness quantum advantages in practical settings, substantial efforts are required not only at the hardware level but also on theoretical research to reduce the computational cost of a given protocol. Quantum computation has the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-24 Daniel K. Park , Carsten Blank , Francesco Petruccione

A proof of quantumness is a method for provably demonstrating (to a classical verifier) that a quantum device can perform computational tasks that a classical device with comparable resources cannot. Providing a proof of quantumness is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-12 Zvika Brakerski , Venkata Koppula , Umesh Vazirani , Thomas Vidick

We present the first protocol allowing a classical computer to interactively verify the result of an efficient quantum computation. We achieve this by constructing a measurement protocol, which enables a classical verifier to use a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Urmila Mahadev

This short note proposes a symbolic approach for representing and reasoning about quantum circuits using complex, vector or matrix-valued Boolean expressions. A major benefit of this approach is that it allows us to directly borrow the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-08 Mingsheng Ying , Zhengfeng Ji

In recent years, many computational tasks have been proposed as candidates for showing a quantum computational advantage, that is an advantage in the time needed to perform the task using a quantum instead of a classical machine.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-12 Federico Centrone , Niraj Kumar , Eleni Diamanti , Iordanis Kerenidis

The current generation of quantum computing technologies call for quantum algorithms that require a limited number of qubits and quantum gates, and which are robust against errors. A suitable design approach are variational circuits where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-10 Maria Schuld , Alex Bocharov , Krysta Svore , Nathan Wiebe

Alongside the development of quantum algorithms and quantum complexity theory in recent years, quantum techniques have also proved instrumental in obtaining results in classical (non-quantum) areas. In this paper we survey these results and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-15 Andrew Drucker , Ronald de Wolf

Demonstrating quantum advantage in machine learning tasks requires navigating a complex landscape of proposed models and algorithms. To bring clarity to this search, we introduce a framework that connects the structure of parametrized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Sergi Masot-Llima , Elies Gil-Fuster , Carlos Bravo-Prieto , Jens Eisert , Tommaso Guaita

Optimization of circuits is an essential task for both quantum and classical computers to improve their efficiency. In contrast, classical logic optimization is known to be difficult, and a lot of heuristic approaches have been developed so…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Yusei Mori , Hideaki Hakoshima , Kyohei Sudo , Toshio Mori , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

The ultimate goal of the classicality programme is to quantify the amount of quantumness of certain processes. Here, classicality is studied for a restricted type of process: quantum information processing (QIP). Under special conditions,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 David Poulin

A proof of quantumness is a protocol through which a classical machine can test whether a purportedly quantum device, with comparable time and memory resources, is performing a computation that is impossible for classical computers.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-21 A. C. Cem Say , M. Utkan Gezer

We devise a classical algorithm which efficiently computes the quantum expectation values arising in a class of continuous variable quantum circuits wherein the final quantum observable | after the Heisenberg evolution associated with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-22 Agung Budiyono , Hermawan K. Dipojono

What makes a class of quantum circuits efficiently classically simulable on average? I present a framework that applies harmonic analysis of groups to circuits with a structure encoded by group parameters. Expanding the circuits in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-18 Cristina Cirstoiu