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Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a weakly-supervised problem in which one label is assigned to the whole bag of instances. An important class of MIL models is instance-based, where we first classify instances and then aggregate those…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-13 Łukasz Struski , Dawid Rymarczyk , Arkadiusz Lewicki , Robert Sabiniewicz , Jacek Tabor , Bartosz Zieliński

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) offers a natural solution for settings where only coarse, bag-level labels are available, without having access to instance-level annotations. This is usually the case in digital pathology, which consists of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Andreas Lolos , Stergios Christodoulidis , Aris L. Moustakas , Jose Dolz , Maria Vakalopoulou

In traditional multiple instance learning (MIL), both positive and negative bags are required to learn a prediction function. However, a high human cost is needed to know the label of each bag---positive or negative. Only positive bags…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Zhen Hu , Zhuyin Xue

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a powerful approach to classify whole slide images (WSIs) for diagnostic pathology. A fundamental challenge of MIL on WSI classification is to discover the \textit{critical instances} that trigger the bag…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Zhikang Wang , Yue Bi , Tong Pan , Xiaoyu Wang , Chris Bain , Richard Bassed , Seiya Imoto , Jianhua Yao , Jiangning Song

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a weak supervision learning paradigm that allows modeling of machine learning problems in which labels are available only for groups of examples called bags. A positive bag may contain one or more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Amina Asif , Fayyaz ul Amir Afsar Minhas

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) has shown impressive performance for histopathology whole slide image (WSI) analysis using bags or pseudo-bags. It involves instance sampling, feature representation, and decision-making. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Tingting Zheng , Kui Jiang , Hongxun Yao

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has advanced WSI analysis but struggles with the complexity and heterogeneity of WSIs. Existing MIL methods face challenges in aggregating diverse patch information into robust WSI representations. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Beidi Zhao , SangMook Kim , Hao Chen , Chen Zhou , Zu-hua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li

Multiple instance learning (MIL) stands as a powerful approach in weakly supervised learning, regularly employed in histological whole slide image (WSI) classification for detecting tumorous lesions. However, existing mainstream MIL methods…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-08 Wenhui Zhu , Xiwen Chen , Peijie Qiu , Aristeidis Sotiras , Abolfazl Razi , Yalin Wang

Multi-instance learning (MIL) deals with objects represented as bags of instances and can predict instance labels from bag-level supervision. However, significant performance gaps exist between instance-level MIL algorithms and supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Weijia Zhang , Xuanhui Zhang , Han-Wen Deng , Min-Ling Zhang

Digital pathology based on whole slide images (WSIs) plays a key role in cancer diagnosis and clinical practice. Due to the high resolution of the WSI and the unavailability of patch-level annotations, WSI classification is usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Litao Yang , Deval Mehta , Sidong Liu , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Antonio Di Ieva , Zongyuan Ge

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) involves predicting a single label for a bag of instances, given positive or negative labels at bag-level, without accessing to label for each instance in the training phase. Since a positive bag contains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Beomjo Shin , Junsu Cho , Hwanjo Yu , Seungjin Choi

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is an effective paradigm for whole-slide pathological images (WSIs) classification to handle the gigapixel resolution and slide-level label. Prevailing MIL methods primarily focus on improving the feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Tiancheng Lin , Zhimiao Yu , Hongyu Hu , Yi Xu , Chang Wen Chen

Weakly supervised whole slide image classification is usually formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where each slide is treated as a bag, and the patches cut out of it are treated as instances. Existing methods either…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Linhao Qu , Yingfan Ma , Xiaoyuan Luo , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has demonstrated promise in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, a major challenge persists due to the high computational cost associated with processing these gigapixel images. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Hongyi Wang , Luyang Luo , Fang Wang , Ruofeng Tong , Yen-Wei Chen , Hongjie Hu , Lanfen Lin , Hao Chen

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a robust paradigm for whole-slide pathological image (WSI) analysis, processing gigapixel-resolution images with slide-level labels. As pioneering efforts, attention-based MIL (ABMIL) and its variants are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Linghan Cai , Shenjin Huang , Ye Zhang , Jinpeng Lu , Yongbing Zhang

A growing number of applications, e.g. video surveillance and medical image analysis, require training recognition systems from large amounts of weakly annotated data while some targeted interactions with a domain expert are allowed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Marc-André Carbonneau , Eric Granger , Ghyslain Gagnon

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a framework for weakly supervised classification, where labels are assigned to sets of instances, i.e., bags, rather than to individual data points. This paradigm has proven effective in tasks where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Salome Kazeminia , Carsten Marr , Bastian Rieck

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a variation of traditional supervised learning problems where data (referred to as bags) are composed of sub-elements (referred to as instances) and only bag labels are available. MIL has a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-02 Han Bao , Tomoya Sakai , Issei Sato , Masashi Sugiyama

We propose a new formulation of Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL). In typical MIL settings, a unit of data is given as a set of instances called a bag and the goal is to find a good classifier of bags based on similarity from a single or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Daiki Suehiro , Kohei Hatano , Eiji Takimoto , Shuji Yamamoto , Kenichi Bannai , Akiko Takeda

Multi-Instance Learning(MIL) aims to learn the mapping between a bag of instances and the bag-level label. Therefore, the relationships among instances are very important for learning the mapping. In this paper, we propose an MIL algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Yangling Ma , Zhouwang Yang
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