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A central claim in modern network science is that real-world networks are typically "scale free," meaning that the fraction of nodes with degree $k$ follows a power law, decaying like $k^{-\alpha}$, often with $2 < \alpha < 3$. However,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-03-19 Anna D. Broido , Aaron Clauset

We introduce a family of one-dimensional geometric growth models, constructed iteratively by locally optimizing the tradeoffs between two competing metrics, and show that this family is equivalent to a family of preferential attachment…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 N. Berger , C. Borgs , J. T. Chayes , R. M. D'Souza , R. D. Kleinberg

In this paper we show how The Free Energy Principle (FEP) can provide an explanation for why real-world networks deviate from scale-free behaviour, and how these characteristic deviations can emerge from constraints on information…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Peter R Williams , Zhan Chen

A majority of studied models for scale-free networks have degree distributions with exponents greater than $2$. Real networks, however, can demonstrate essentially more heavy-tailed degree distributions. We explore two models of scale-free…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-12-14 Gábor Timár , Sergey N. Dorogovtsev , José Fernando F. Mendes

Using a steady state process of node duplication and deletion we produce networks with 1/k scale-free degree distributions in the limit of vanishing connectance. This occurs even though there is no growth involved and inherent preferential…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Simon Laird , Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen

Network growth as described by the Duplication-Divergence model proposes a simple general idea for the evolution dynamics of natural networks. In particular it is an alternative to the well known Barab\'asi-Albert model when applied to…

We investigate a growing network model that combines preferential and uniform attachment with two distinct mechanisms of edge deletion. In addition to the usual uniform probability edge deletion, we introduce a novel node-based rule in…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2026-02-24 Everton R. Constantino , Alberto Saa

We investigate the higher-order connectivity of scale-free networks using algebraic topology. We model scale-free networks as preferential attachment graphs, and we study the algebraic-topological properties of their clique complexes. We…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Chunyin Siu

Preferential attachment is often suggested to be the underlying mechanism of the growth of a network, largely due to that many real networks are, to a certain extent, scale-free. However, such attribution is usually made under debatable…

Applications · Statistics 2025-09-16 Clement Lee

There is a complex relation between the mechanism of preferential attachment, scale-free degree distributions and hyperbolicity in complex networks. In fact, both preferential attachment and hidden hyperbolic spaces often generate…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2014-03-05 Luca Ferretti , Michele Cortelezzi , Marcello Mamino

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the degree statistics in models for growing networks where new nodes enter one at a time and attach to one earlier node according to a stochastic rule. The models with uniform attachment,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-13 C. Godreche , H. Grandclaude , J. M. Luck

Preferential attachment --- by which new nodes attach to existing nodes with probability proportional to the existing nodes' degree --- has become the standard growth model for scale-free networks, where the asymptotic probability of a node…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2014-11-12 Michael Small , Yingying Li , Thomas Stemler , Kevin Judd

We obtain closed form expressions for the expected conditional degree distribution and the joint degree distribution of the linear preferential attachment model for network growth in the steady state. We consider the multiple-destination…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-06-30 Babak Fotouhi , Michael G. Rabbat

We show that not only preferential attachment but also preferential depletion leads to scale-free networks. The resulting degree distribution exponents is typically less than two (5/3) as opposed to the case of the growth models studied…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-05-27 Christian M. Schneider , Lucilla de Arcangelis , Hans J. Herrmann

Unlike the well-studied models of growing networks, where the dominant dynamics consist of insertions of new nodes and connections, and rewiring of existing links, we study {\em ad hoc} networks, where one also has to contend with rapid and…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 Nima Sarshar , Vwani Roychowdhury

We study network growth from a fixed set of initially isolated nodes placed at random on the surface of a sphere. The growth mechanism we use adds edges to the network depending on strictly local gain and cost criteria. Only nodes that are…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-04-11 Valmir C. Barbosa , Raul Donangelo , Sergio R. Souza

The rate equations are used to study the scale-free behavior of the weight distribution in evolving networks whose topology is determined only by degrees of preexisting vertices. An analysis of these equations shows that the degree…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 W. Jezewski

Network growth is currently explained through mechanisms that rely on node prestige measures, such as degree or fitness. In many real networks those who create and connect nodes do not know the prestige values of existing nodes, but only…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Santo Fortunato , Alessandro Flammini , Filippo Menczer

The probability distribution of number of ties of an individual in a social network follows a scale-free power-law. However, how this distribution arises has not been conclusively demonstrated in direct analyses of people's actions in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-08-25 Lev Muchnik , Sen Pei , Lucas C. Parra , Saulo D. S. Reis , Jose S. Andrade, , Shlomo Havlin , Hernan A. Makse

We study the growth of random networks under a constraint that the diameter, defined as the average shortest path length between all nodes, remains approximately constant. We show that if the graph maintains the form of its degree…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Rajan M. Lukose , Lada A. Adamic