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The share of the world population living in cities with more than one million people rose from 11% in 1975 to 24% in 2025 (our estimates). Will this trend towards greater concentration in large cities continue or level off? We introduce two…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-31 Andrea Musso , Diego Rybski , Dirk Helbing , Frank Neffke

A good understanding of cities is crucial to implement urban planning policies leading to social and economic sustainability and an efficient use of resources. While urban concentration has been associated with both positive and negative…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-09-09 Gaëtan Laziou , Rémi Lemoy

The spatial heterogeneity of cities -- the uneven distribution of population and activities -- is fundamental to urban dynamics and related to critical issues such as infrastructure overload, housing affordability, and social inequality.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-14 Hao Huang , Yuming Lin , Jiazhen Liu

Economic activities favor mutual geographical proximity and concentrate spatially to form cities. In a world of diminishing transport costs, however, the advantage of physical proximity is fading, and the role of cities in the economy may…

General Economics · Economics 2021-01-11 Tomoya Mori , Minoru Osawa

Daily variation in human mobility modulates the speed and severity of emerging outbreaks, yet most epidemiological studies assume static contact patterns. With a highly mobile population exceeding 24 million people, Shanghai, China is a…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Zhanwei Du , Spencer J Fox , Petter Holme , Jiming Liu , Alison P. Galvani , Lauren Ancel Meyers

There is strong expectation that cities, across time, culture and level of development, share much in common in terms of their form and function. Recently, attempts to formalize mathematically these expectations have led to the hypothesis…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-01-28 Luis M. A. Bettencourt , Jose Lobo , Hyejin Youn

The existing theorization of development economics and transition economics is probably inadequate and perhaps even flawed to accurately explain and analyze a dual economic system such as that in China. China is a country in the transition…

General Economics · Economics 2021-10-06 Tianyong Zhou

The relationships between urban area and population size have been empirically demonstrated to follow the scaling law of allometric growth. This allometric scaling is based on exponential growth of city size and can be termed "exponential…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-12-19 Yanguang Chen

Unveiling the relationships between crime and socioeconomic factors is crucial for modeling and preventing these illegal activities. Recently, a significant advance has been made in understanding the influence of urban metrics on the levels…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-12-11 Luiz G. A. Alves , Haroldo V. Ribeiro , Francisco A. Rodrigues

The evolution of Chinese online courtship culture is a mixed product under dynamic interaction between the feudal tradition, urban development and government policies. The presented research examines the regional online dating popularity,…

Applications · Statistics 2019-07-15 Shu Wei

This paper analyzes a stochastic logistic difference equation under the assumption that the population distribution follows a normal distribution. Our focus is on the mathematical relationship between the average growth rate and a newly…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-04-22 Haiyan Wang

Cities are often compared through scaling laws, usually expressed as power-law relations between population size and aggregate urban quantities related to infrastructure, socioeconomic activity, or environmental impacts. These laws are…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-19 Ulysse Marquis , Marc Barthelemy

City-size distributions follow an approximate power law in various countries despite high volatility in relative city sizes over time. Our empirical evidence for the United States and Japan indicates that the scaling law stems from a…

General Economics · Economics 2023-04-25 Tomoya Mori , Takashi Akamatsu , Yuki Takayama , Minoru Osawa

In recent decades the world has experienced rates of urban growth unparalleled in any other period of history and this growth is shaping the environment in which an increasing proportion of us live. In this paper we use a longitudinal…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-12-21 Matthew Daggitt , Anastasios Noulas , Blake Shaw , Cecilia Mascolo

We exhibit compelling evidence regarding how well does the MaxEnt principle describe the rank-distribution of city-populations via an exhaustive study of the 50 Spanish provinces (more than 8000 cities) in a time-window of 15 years…

Applications · Statistics 2013-12-09 A. Hernando , R. Hernando , A. Plastino , A. R. Plastino

The latest global financial tsunami and its follow-up global economic recession has uncovered the crucial impact of housing markets on financial and economic systems. The Chinese stock market experienced a markedly fall during the global…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-10-16 Hao Meng , Wen-Jie Xie , Wei-Xing Zhou

In the last decades, the notion that cities are in a state of equilibrium with a centralised organisation has given place to the viewpoint of cities in disequilibrium and organised from bottom to up. In this perspective, cities are evolving…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Marcos Oliveira , Eraldo Ribeiro , Carmelo Bastos-Filho , Ronaldo Menezes

The rise of instant delivery services has reshaped urban spatial structures through the interaction between suppliers and consumers. However, limited research has explored the spatiotemporal dynamics of delivery network structures. This…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-11-18 Chengbo Zhang , Yonglin Li , Zuopeng Xiao

Trees play a crucial role in urban environments, offering various ecosystem services that contribute to public health and human well-being. China has initiated a range of urban greening policies over the past decades, however, monitoring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Xiaoxin Zhang , Martin Brandt , Xiaoye Tong , Xiaowei Tong , Wenmin Zhang , Florian Reiner , Sizhuo Li , Feng Tian , Yuemin Yue , Weiqi Zhou , Bin Chen , Xiangming Xiao , Rasmus Fensholt

Quantification of the overall characteristics of urban mobility using coarse-grained methods is crucial for urban management, planning and sustainable development. Although some recent studies have provided quantification methods for…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-08-03 Hao Wang , Pengjun Zhao , Xiao-Yong Yan