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Theoretical predictions for neutrino fluxes indicate that km$^{3}$ scale detectors are needed to detect certain astrophysical sources. The three Mediterranean experiments, ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR are working together on a design study,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-14 J. Carr , D. Dornic , F. Jouvenot , G. Maurin

Earth medium effects in the three-neutrino oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos are observable under appropriate conditions. This paper generalizes the study of the medium effects and the possibility of their observation in the atmospheric…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-07 J. Bernabeu , S. Palomares-Ruiz , A. Perez , S. T. Petcov

Accurate measurement of the cosmogenic muon-induced neutron yield is crucial for constraining a significant background in a wide range of low-energy physics searches. Although previous underground experiments have measured this yield across…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-04-01 SNO+ Collaboration , : , M. Abreu , A. Allega , M. R. Anderson , S. Andringa , D. M. Asner , D. J. Auty , A. Bacon , T. Baltazar , F. Barão , N. Barros , R. Bayes , C. Baylis , E. W. Beier , A. Bialek , S. D. Biller , E. Caden , E. J. Callaghan , M. Chen , S. Cheng , B. Cleveland , D. Cookman , J. Corning , S. DeGraw , R. Dehghani , J. Deloye , M. M. Depatie , C. Dima , J. Dittmer , K. H. Dixon , M. S. Esmaeilian , E. Falk , N. Fatemighomi , R. Ford , S. Gadamsetty , A. Gaur , D. Gooding , C. Grant , J. Grove , S. Hall , A. L. Hallin , D. Hallman , M. R. Hebert , W. J. Heintzelman , R. L. Helmer , C. Hewitt , B. Hreljac , P. Huang , R. Hunt-Stokes , A. S. Inácio , C. J. Jillings , S. Kaluzienski , T. Kaptanoglu , J. Kladnik , J. R. Klein , L. L. Kormos , B. Krar , C. Kraus , C. B. Krauss , T. Kroupová , C. Lake , L. Lebanowski , C. Lefebvre , B. Liggins , V. Lozza , M. Luo , S. Maguire , A. Maio , S. Manecki , J. Maneira , R. D. Martin , N. McCauley , A. B. McDonald , G. Milton , D. Morris , M. Mubasher , S. Naugle , L. J. Nolan , H. M. O'Keeffe , G. D. Orebi Gann , S. Ouyang , J. Page , S. Pal , K. Paleshi , W. Parker , L. J. Pickard , R. C. Pitelka , B. Quenallata , P. Ravi , A. Reichold , S. Riccetto , J. Rose , R. Rosero , J. Shen , J. Simms , P. Skensved , M. Smiley , M. I. Stringer , R. Tafirout , B. Tam , J. Tseng , E. Vázquez-Jáuregui , C. J. Virtue , F. Wang , M. Ward , J. R. Wilson , J. D. Wilson , A. Wright , S. Yang , Z. Ye , M. Yeh , S. Yu , Y. Zhang , K. Zuber

Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) measurements are crucial for advanced exploration of the laws of fundamental gravitational physics and geophysics. Current LLR technology allows us to measure distances to the Moon with a precision approaching 1…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 S. M. Kopeikin , E. Pavlis , D. Pavlis , V. A. Brumberg , A. Escapa , J. Getino , A. Gusev , J. Mueller , W. -T. Ni , N. Petrova

Neutrons produced by cosmic ray muons are an important background for underground experiments studying neutrino oscillations, neutrinoless double beta decay, dark matter, and other rare-event signals. A measurement of the neutron yield in…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2018-04-04 Daya Bay Collaboration , F. P. An , A. B. Balantekin , H. R. Band , M. Bishai , S. Blyth , D. Cao , G. F. Cao , J. Cao , Y. L. Chan , J. F. Chang , Y. Chang , H. S. Chen , S. M. Chen , Y. Chen , Y. X. Chen , J. Cheng , Z. K. Cheng , J. J. Cherwinka , M. C. Chu , A. Chukanov , J. P. Cummings , Y. Y. Ding , M. V. Diwan , M. Dolgareva , J. Dove , D. A. Dwyer , W. R. Edwards , R. Gill , M. Gonchar , G. H. Gong , H. Gong , M. Grassi , W. Q. Gu , L. Guo , X. H. Guo , Y. H. Guo , Z. Guo , R. W. Hackenburg , S. Hans , M. He , K. M. Heeger , Y. K. Heng , A. Higuera , Y. B. Hsiung , B. Z. Hu , T. Hu , H. X. Huang , X. T. Huang , Y. B. Huang , P. Huber , W. Huo , G. Hussain , D. E. Jaffe , K. L. Jen , X. L. Ji , X. P. Ji , J. B. Jiao , R. A. Johnson , D. Jones , L. Kang , S. H. Kettell , A. Khan , L. W. Koerner , S. Kohn , M. Kramer , M. W. Kwok , T. J. Langford , K. Lau , L. Lebanowski , J. Lee , J. H. C. Lee , R. T. Lei , R. Leitner , J. K. C. Leung , C. Li , D. J. Li , F. Li , G. S. Li , Q. J. Li , S. Li , S. C. Li , W. D. Li , X. N. Li , X. Q. Li , Y. F. Li , Z. B. Li , H. Liang , C. J. Lin , G. L. Lin , S. Lin , S. K. Lin , Y. -C. Lin , J. J. Ling , J. M. Link , L. Littenberg , B. R. Littlejohn , J. C. Liu , J. L. Liu , C. W. Loh , C. Lu , H. Q. Lu , J. S. Lu , K. B. Luk , X. B. Ma , X. Y. Ma , Y. Q. Ma , Y. Malyshkin , D. A. Martinez Caicedo , K. T. McDonald , R. D. McKeown , I. Mitchell , Y. Nakajima , J. Napolitano , D. Naumov , E. Naumova , J. P. Ochoa-Ricoux , A. Olshevskiy , H. -R. Pan , J. Park , S. Patton , V. Pec , J. C. Peng , L. Pinsky , C. S. J. Pun , F. Z. Qi , M. Qi , X. Qian , R. M. Qiu , N. Raper , J. Ren , R. Rosero , B. Roskovec , X. C. Ruan , H. Steiner , J. L. Sun , W. Tang , D. Taychenachev , K. Treskov , K. V. Tsang , W. -H. Tse , C. E. Tull , N. Viaux , B. Viren , V. Vorobel , C. H. Wang , M. Wang , N. Y. Wang , R. G. Wang , W. Wang , X. Wang , Y. F. Wang , Z. Wang , Z. Wang , Z. M. Wang , H. Y. Wei , L. J. Wen , K. Whisnant , C. G. White , T. Wise , H. L. H. Wong , S. C. F. Wong , E. Worcester , C. -H. Wu , Q. Wu , W. J. Wu , D. M. Xia , J. K. Xia , Z. Z. Xing , J. L. Xu , Y. Xu , T. Xue , C. G. Yang , H. Yang , L. Yang , M. S. Yang , M. T. Yang , Y. Z. Yang , M. Ye , Z. Ye , M. Yeh , B. L. Young , Z. Y. Yu , S. Zeng , L. Zhan , C. Zhang , C. C. Zhang , H. H. Zhang , J. W. Zhang , Q. M. Zhang , R. Zhang , X. T. Zhang , Y. M. Zhang , Y. M. Zhang , Y. X. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. P. Zhang , Z. Y. Zhang , J. Zhao , L. Zhou , H. L. Zhuang , J. H. Zou

The expected yield of potentially Earth-like planets is a useful metric for designing future exoplanet-imaging missions. Recent yield studies of direct-imaging missions have focused primarily on yield methods and trade studies using "toy"…

Surface neutron counter data are often used as a proxy for atmospheric ionisation from cosmic rays in studies of extraterrestrial effects on climate. Neutron counter instrumentation was developed in the 1950s and relationships between…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 K. L. Aplin , R. G. Harrison , A. J. Bennett

Accurate characterization of quantum yield is crucial to the reconstruction of energy depositions in silicon at the eV scale. This work presents a new method for experimentally calculating quantum yield using vacuum UV-sensitive silicon…

The correlation and physical interconnection between space weather indices and cosmic ray flux has been well-established with extensive literature on the topic. Our investigation is centered on the relationships among the solar radio flux,…

Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs), traditionally employed in cosmic-ray detection, are repurposed here for precision soil moisture monitoring using cosmic-ray neutron sensing. This approach offers advantages over conventional neutron probes,…

Cosmic ray muons have emerged as a non-conventional high-energy radiation probe to monitor dense and large objects. Muons are the most abundant cosmic radiation on Earth, however, their flux at sea level is approximately 10,000 min^-1m^-2…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-01-05 Junghyun Bae , Stylianos Chatzidakis

The yield of neutrons produced by cosmic ray muons at a shallow depth of 32 meters of water equivalent has been measured. The Palo Verde neutrino detector, containing 11.3 tons of Gd loaded liquid scintillator and 3.5 tons of acrylic served…

Accurate measurements of cosmic ray proton flux are essential for studying the modulation processes of cosmic rays during the solar activity cycle. A proton flux measurement method, based on ground-based neutron monitor (NM) data and deep…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-28 Pengwei Zhao , Jianqi Yan , Alex P. Leung , Jie Feng

Neutrons produced by cosmic ray muons constitute a significant background for underground experiments investigating neutron oscillations, neutrinoless double beta decay, dark matter, and other rare event signals. This work benchmarks…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-01-21 Yijian Jiang , Jie Cheng , Haoqi Lu , Yaoguang Wang

The lifetime of free neutrons measured in the lab has a long standing disparity of $\sim$9~s. A space-based technique has recently been proposed to independently measure the neutron lifetime using interactions between the galactic cosmic…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-05-09 Akshatha K. Vydula , Daniel Coupland , Katherine Mesick , Craig Hardgrove

Neutron reflectometry (NR) is a powerful technique to probe surfaces and interfaces. NR is inherently an indirect measurement technique, access to the physical quantities of interest (layer thickness, scattering length density, roughness),…

A neutron monitor (NM) is, since the 1950s, a standard ground-based detector whose count rate reflects cosmic-ray variability. The worldwide network of NMs forms a rough spectrometer for cosmic rays. Recently, a brand-new data acquisition…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-04-13 Markus Similä , Ilya Usoskin , Stepan Poluianov , Alexander Mishev , Gennady A. Kovaltsov , Du Toit Strauss

In Low Background Laboratory at Institute of Physics Belgrade, plastic scintillators are used to continuously monitor flux of the muon component of secondary cosmic rays. Measurements are performed on the surface as well as underground (25…