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Visual validation of regression models in scatterplots is a common practice for assessing model quality, yet its efficacy remains unquantified. We conducted two empirical experiments to investigate individuals' ability to visually validate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Daniel Braun , Remco Chang , Michael Gleicher , Tatiana von Landesberger

We introduce a comprehensive Linguistic Benchmark designed to evaluate the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in domains such as logical reasoning, spatial intelligence, and linguistic understanding, among others. Through a series…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Sean Williams , James Huckle

Ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression is one of the most basic statistical techniques for data analysis. In the main stream literature and the statistical education, the study of linear regression is typically restricted to the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-28 Arun K. Kuchibhotla , Lawrence D. Brown , Andreas Buja

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate considerable potential in various natural language tasks but face significant challenges in mathematical reasoning, particularly in executing precise, multi-step logic. However, current evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tiasa Singha Roy , Aditeya Baral , Ayush Rajesh Jhaveri , Yusuf Baig

Advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked a growing interest in measuring and understanding their behavior through experimental economics. However, there is still a lack of established guidelines for designing economic…

General Economics · Economics 2025-07-17 Shu Wang , Zijun Yao , Shuhuai Zhang , Jianuo Gai , Tracy Xiao Liu , Songfa Zhong

We consider the on-line predictive version of the standard problem of linear regression; the goal is to predict each consecutive response given the corresponding explanatory variables and all the previous observations. The standard…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-06-18 Vladimir Vovk , Ilia Nouretdinov , Alex Gammerman

Regression is one of the most commonly used statistical techniques. However, testing regression systems is a great challenge because of the absence of test oracle in general. In this paper, we show that Metamorphic Testing is an effective…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-24 Quang-Hung Luu , Man F. Lau , Sebastian P. H. Ng , Tsong Yueh Chen

We point out that the ideas underlying some test procedures recently proposed for testing post-model-selection (and for some other test problems) in the econometrics literature have been around for quite some time in the statistics…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-08-30 Hannes Leeb , Benedikt M. Pötscher

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly prevalent in security research. Their unique characteristics, however, introduce challenges that undermine established paradigms of reproducibility, rigor, and evaluation. Prior work has…

It has recently been discovered that the conclusions of many highly influential econometrics studies can be overturned by removing a very small fraction of their samples (often less than $0.5\%$). These conclusions are typically based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Ittai Rubinstein , Samuel B. Hopkins

Evaluations are critical for understanding the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Fundamentally, evaluations are experiments; but the literature on evaluations has largely ignored the literature from other sciences on experiment…

Applications · Statistics 2024-11-04 Evan Miller

Training language models with rationales augmentation has been shown to be beneficial in many existing works. In this paper, we identify that such a prevailing view does not hold consistently. We conduct comprehensive investigations to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Chiwei Zhu , Benfeng Xu , An Yang , Junyang Lin , Quan Wang , Chang Zhou , Zhendong Mao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently gained significant attention due to their remarkable capabilities in performing diverse tasks across various domains. However, a thorough evaluation of these models is crucial before deploying them…

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new avenues in education. This study examines the use of LLMs in supporting learning in machine learning education; in particular, it focuses on the ability of LLMs to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Smitha Kumar , Michael A. Lones , Manuel Maarek , Hind Zantout

Many econometrics textbooks imply that under mean independence of the regressors and the error term, the OLS parameters have a causal interpretation. We show that even when this assumption is satisfied, OLS might identify a pseudo-parameter…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-11-18 Federico Crudu , Michael C. Knaus , Giovanni Mellace , Joeri Smits

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has enabled significant performance gains in the field of natural language processing. However, recent studies have found that LLMs often resort to shortcuts when performing tasks, creating an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Geetanjali Bihani , Julia Taylor Rayz

For learned models to be trustworthy, it is essential to verify their robustness to perturbations in the training data. Classical approaches involve uncertainty quantification via confidence intervals and bootstrap methods. In contrast,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-30 Eyar Azar , Michael J. Feldman , Boaz Nadler

Large language models (LLMs) have gained much attention in the recommendation community; some studies have observed that LLMs, fine-tuned by the cross-entropy loss with a full softmax, could achieve state-of-the-art performance already.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Cong Xu , Zhangchi Zhu , Jun Wang , Jianyong Wang , Wei Zhang

In-sample overfitting is a drawback of any backtest-based investment strategy. It is thus of paramount importance to have an understanding of why and how the in-sample overfitting occurs. In this article we propose a simple framework that…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-02-06 Adam Rej , Philip Seager , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

The utilisation of Deep Learning (DL) is advancing into increasingly more sophisticated applications. While it shows great potential to provide transformational capabilities, DL also raises new challenges regarding its reliability in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Xingyu Zhao , Wei Huang , Alec Banks , Victoria Cox , David Flynn , Sven Schewe , Xiaowei Huang