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Measures of local and global spatial association are key tools for exploratory spatial data analysis. Many such measures exist including Moran's $I$, Geary's $C$, and the Getis-Ord $G$ and $G^*$ statistics. A parametric approach to testing…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-30 Adam B Kashlak , Weicong Yuan

We extend Fisher's randomization test (FRT) to test conditional independence between observed outcomes and treatments given covariates in both randomized experiments and observational studies, with no restriction on the variable type of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-12 Zhen Zhong

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating causal effects but are often costly and difficult to scale; consequently, they are frequently augmented with auxiliary external controls in many applications. Prior…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-28 Jiawei Shan , Yiteng Tu , Guanbo Wang , Chao Ying , Jiwei Zhao

Generalization methods offer a powerful solution to one of the key drawbacks of randomized controlled trials (RCTs): their limited representativeness. By enabling the transport of treatment effect estimates to target populations subject to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-20 Ahmed Boughdiri , Clément Berenfeld , Julie Josse , Erwan Scornet

The survey experiment is widely used in economics and social sciences to evaluate the effects of treatments or programs. In a standard population-based survey experiment, the experimenter randomly draws experimental units from a target…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Pengfei Tian , Jiyang Ren , Yingying Ma

Imbalance in covariate distributions leads to biased estimates of causal effects. Weighting methods attempt to correct this imbalance but rely on specifying models for the treatment assignment mechanism, which is unknown in observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-13 Eric Dunipace

Paired cluster-randomized experiments (pCRTs) are common across many disciplines because there is often natural clustering of individuals, and paired randomization can help balance baseline covariates to improve experimental precision.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-03 Charlotte Z. Mann , Adam C. Sales , Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch

Standard tests of the "no-treatment-effect" hypothesis for a comparative experiment include permutation tests, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, two-sample $t$ tests, and Fisher-type randomization tests. Practitioners are aware that these…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-09-11 Joseph B. Lang

Hypothesis tests based on linear models are widely accepted by organizations that regulate clinical trials. These tests are derived using strong assumptions about the data-generating process so that the resulting inference can be based on…

Applications · Statistics 2018-09-13 Kellie Ottoboni , Fraser Lewis , Luigi Salmaso

Consider a population consisting of clusters of sampling units, evolving temporally, spatially, or according to other dynamics. We wish to monitor the evolution of its means, medians, or other parameters. For administrative convenience and…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-30 Jiahua Chen , Yukun Liu , James Zidek

Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) are widely used to evaluate group-level interventions and increasingly collect multiple outcomes capturing complementary dimensions of benefit and risk. Investigators often seek a single global summary of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Xinyuan Chen , Fan Li

Multi-category data arise in diverse fields including marketing, chemistry, public policy, genomics, political science, and ecology. We consider the problem of estimating ratios of category-specific means in a fully nonparametric setting,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-29 Grant Hopkins , Sarah Teichman , Ellen Graham , Amy D Willis

Causal mediation analysis in cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) is essential for explaining how cluster-level interventions affect individual outcomes, yet it is complicated by interference, post-treatment confounding, and hierarchical…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-25 Yuki Ohnishi , Michael J. Daniels , Lei Yang , Fan Li

New inference methods for the multivariate coefficient of variation and its reciprocal, the standardized mean, are presented. While there are various testing procedures for both parameters in the univariate case, it is less known how to do…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-03-31 Marc Ditzhaus , Łukas Smaga

Nonparametric estimation of a mixing distribution based on data coming from a mixture model is a challenging problem. Beyond estimation, there is interest in uncertainty quantification, e.g., confidence intervals for features of the mixing…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-14 Vaidehi Dixit , Ryan Martin

Cross-validation is a popular non-parametric method for evaluating the accuracy of a predictive rule. The usefulness of cross-validation depends on the task we want to employ it for. In this note, I discuss a simple non-parametric setting,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-09-27 Stefan Wager

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly prevalent in education research, and are often regarded as a gold standard of causal inference. Two main virtues of randomized experiments are that they (1) do not suffer from…

Weighting methods are essential tools for estimating causal effects in observational studies, with the goal of balancing pre-treatment covariates across treatment groups. Traditional approaches pursue this objective indirectly, for example,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-09 Diptanil Santra , Guanhua Chen , Chan Park

This paper proposes new estimators for the propensity score that aim to maximize the covariate distribution balance among different treatment groups. Heuristically, our proposed procedure attempts to estimate a propensity score model by…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-04-07 Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna , Xiaojun Song , Qi Xu

Determining the relevant spatial covariates is one of the most important problems in the analysis of point patterns. Parametric methods may lead to incorrect conclusions, especially when the model of interactions between points is wrong.…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-12 Jiří Dvořák , Tomáš Mrkvička