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An ancestry labeling scheme assigns labels (bit strings) to the nodes of rooted trees such that ancestry queries between any two nodes in a tree can be answered merely by looking at their corresponding labels. The quality of an ancestry…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-09-16 Pierre Fraigniaud , Amos Korman

An {\em ancestry labeling scheme} labels the nodes of any tree in such a way that ancestry queries between any two nodes in a tree can be answered just by looking at their corresponding labels. The common measure to evaluate the quality of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-02-19 Pierre Fraigniaud , Amos Korman

A labeling scheme for nearest common ancestors assigns a distinct binary string, called the label, to every node of a tree, so that given the labels of two nodes (and no further information about the topology of the tree) we can compute the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-07-20 Paweł Gawrychowski , Jakub Łopuszański

We present a $\lg n + 2 \lg \lg n+3$ ancestry labeling scheme for trees. The problem was first presented by Kannan et al. [STOC 88'] along with a simple $2 \lg n$ solution. Motivated by applications to XML files, the label size was improved…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-28 Søren Dahlgaard , Mathias Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Noy Rotbart

Labeling schemes seek to assign a short label to each node in a network, so that a function on two nodes can be computed by examining their labels alone. For the particular case of trees, optimal bounds (up to low order terms) were recently…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-05-16 Ofer Freedman , Paweł Gawrychowski , Patrick K. Nicholson , Oren Weimann

We consider NCA labeling schemes: given a rooted tree $T$, label the nodes of $T$ with binary strings such that, given the labels of any two nodes, one can determine, by looking only at the labels, the label of their nearest common…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-21 Stephen Alstrup , Esben Bistrup Halvorsen , Kasper Green Larsen

A routing labeling scheme assigns a binary string, called a label, to each node in a network, and chooses a distinct port number from $\{1,\ldots,d\}$ for every edge outgoing from a node of degree $d$. Then, given the labels of $u$ and $w$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Paweł Gawrychowski , Wojciech Janczewski , Jakub Łopuszański

We investigate labeling schemes supporting adjacency, ancestry, sibling, and connectivity queries in forests. In the course of more than 20 years, the existence of $\log n + O(\log \log)$ labeling schemes supporting each of these functions…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-04-22 Søren Dahlgaard , Mathias Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Noy Rotbart

We consider distance labeling schemes for trees: given a tree with $n$ nodes, label the nodes with binary strings such that, given the labels of any two nodes, one can determine, by looking only at the labels, the distance in the tree…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-07-16 Stephen Alstrup , Inge Li Gørtz , Esben Bistrup Halvorsen , Ely Porat

In this paper we look at the problem of adjacency labeling of graphs. Given a family of undirected graphs the problem is to determine an encoding-decoding scheme for each member of the family such that we can decode the adjacency…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Avah Banerjee

Sorting is a foundational problem in computer science that is typically employed on sequences or total orders. More recently, a more general form of sorting on partially ordered sets (or posets), where some pairs of elements are…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Jishnu Roychoudhury , Jatin Yadav

We present a novel self-stabilizing algorithm for minimum spanning tree (MST) construction. The space complexity of our solution is $O(\log^2n)$ bits and it converges in $O(n^2)$ rounds. Thus, this algorithm improves the convergence time of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2013-11-05 Lélia Blin , Shlomi Dolev , Maria Gradinariu Potop-Butucaru , Stephane Rovedakis

We investigate adjacency labeling schemes for graphs of bounded degree $\Delta = O(1)$. In particular, we present an optimal (up to an additive constant) $\log n + O(1)$ adjacency labeling scheme for bounded degree trees. The latter scheme…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-04-03 David Adjiashvili , Noy Rotbart

We consider how to assign labels to any undirected graph with n nodes such that, given the labels of two nodes and no other information regarding the graph, it is possible to determine the distance between the two nodes. The challenge in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-20 Stephen Alstrup , Cyril Gavoille , Esben Bistrup Halvorsen , Holger Petersen

An \emph{adjacency labeling scheme} for a given class of graphs is an algorithm that for every graph $G$ from the class, assigns bit strings (labels) to vertices of $G$ so that for any two vertices $u,v$, whether $u$ and $v$ are adjacent…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Marthe Bonamy , Cyril Gavoille , Michal Pilipczuk

Semi-labeled trees are phylogenies whose internal nodes may be labeled by higher-order taxa. Thus, a leaf labeled Mus musculus could nest within a subtree whose root node is labeled Rodentia, which itself could nest within a subtree whose…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-05-09 Yun Deng , David Fernández-Baca

In 1989 Erd\H{o}s and Sz\'ekely showed that there is a bijection between (i) the set of rooted trees with $n+1$ vertices whose leaves are bijectively labeled with the elements of $[\ell]=\{1,2,\dots,\ell\}$ for some $\ell \leq n$, and (ii)…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Vincent Moulton , Andreas Spillner

We consider labeling nodes of a directed graph for reachability queries. A reachability labeling scheme for such a graph assigns a binary string, called a label, to each node. Then, given the labels of nodes $u$ and $v$ and no other…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Maciej Dulęba , Paweł Gawrychowski , Wojciech Janczewski

A distance labeling scheme is an assignments of labels, that is binary strings, to all nodes of a graph, so that the distance between any two nodes can be computed from their labels and the labels are as short as possible. A major open…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-11-22 Paweł Gawrychowski , Przemysław Uznański

A distance labeling scheme labels the $n$ nodes of a graph with binary strings such that, given the labels of any two nodes, one can determine the distance in the graph between the two nodes by looking only at the labels. A $D$-preserving…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Stephen Alstrup , Søren Dahlgaard , Mathias Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Ely Porat
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