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Twin-Field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) is a major candidate to be the new benchmark for far-distance QKD implementations, since its secret key rate can overcome the repeaterless bound by means of a simple interferometric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-15 Federico Grasselli , Alvaro Navarrete , Marcos Curty

The privacy amplification term, of which the lower bound needs to be estimated with the decoy-state method, plays a positive role in the secure key rate formula for decoy-state quantum key distribution. In previous work, the yield and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-17 Haodong Jiang , Ming Gao , Hong Wang , Hongxin Li , Zhi Ma

The decoy state protocol has been considered to be one of the most important methods to protect the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) with a weak coherent source. Here we test two experimental approaches to generating the decoy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-18 Anqi Huang , Shi-Hai Sun , Zhihong Liu , Vadim Makarov

Decoy state method closes source security loophole in quantum key distribution (QKD) using laser source. In this method, accurate estimates of the detection rates of vacuum and single photon events plus the error rate of single photon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-11 H. F. Chau

Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution (CVQKD) at large distances has such high noise levels that the error-correcting code must have very low rate. In this regime it becomes feasible to implement random-codebook error correction,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Arpan Akash Ray , Boris Skoric

The lists of bits processed in quantum key distribution are necessarily of finite length. The need for finite-key unconditional security bounds has been recognized long ago, but the theoretical tools have become available only very…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Raymond Y. Q. Cai , Valerio Scarani

Due to its ability to tolerate high channel loss, decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) has been one of the main focuses within the QKD community. Notably, several experimental groups have demonstrated that it is secure and feasible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-12 Charles Ci Wen Lim , Marcos Curty , Nino Walenta , Feihu Xu , Hugo Zbinden

We study the possible application of the decoy state method on a basic two way quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme to extend its distance. Noting the obvious advantage of such a QKD scheme in allowing for single as well as double photon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 J. S. Shaari , Iskandar Bahari , Sellami Ali

We show how to calculate the secure final key rate in the four-intensity decoy-state MDI-QKD protocol with both source errors and statistical fluctuations with a certain failure probability. Our results rely only on the range of only a few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-01 Cong Jiang , Zong-Wen Yu , Xiang-Bin Wang

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables the sharing of cryptographic keys secured by quantum mechanics. The BB84 protocol assumed single-photon sources, but practical systems rely on weak coherent pulses vulnerable to photon-number-splitting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Ibrahim Almosallam

In practical quantum key distribution (QKD), weak coherent states as the photon sources have a limit in secure key rate and transmission distance because of the existence of multiphoton pulses and heavy loss in transmission line. Decoy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Jing-Bo Li , Xi-Ming Fang

Intensity correlations between neighboring pulses open a prevalent yet often overlooked security loophole in decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD). As a solution, we present and experimentally demonstrate an…

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) with decoy-state method is believed to be securely applied to defeat various hacking attacks in practical quantum key distribution systems. Recently, the coherent-state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-22 Hua-Lei Yin , Wen-Fei Cao , Yao Fu , Yan-Lin Tang , Yang Liu , Teng-Yun Chen , Zeng-Bing Chen

We show the unconditional security of decoy-state method quantum cryptography with whatever intensity error pattern provided that the error is not too large. Our result immediately applies to the existing experimental data. Our result is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Xiang-Bin Wang , Cheng-Zhi Peng , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Quantum key distribution provides a promising solution for sharing secure keys between two distant parties with unconditional security. Nevertheless, quantum key distribution is still severely threatened by the imperfections of devices. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-22 Shan-Feng Shao , Xiao-Yu Cao , Yuan-Mei Xie , Jie Gu , Wen-Bo Liu , Yao Fu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

In this paper, we revisit the application of classical advantage distillation (CAD) to the decoy-state BB84 protocol. Prior work has shown that CAD can greatly improve maximal distances and noise tolerances of the practical decoy state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Walter O. Krawec

The decoy-state method has been developed rapidly in quantum key distribution (QKD) since it is immune to photon-number splitting attacks. However, two basis detector efficiency asymmetry, which exists in realistic scenarios, has been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Hui Liu , Zong-Wen Yu , Mi Zou , Yan-Lin Tang , Yong Zhao , Jun Zhang , Xiang-Bin Wang , Teng-Yun Chen , Jian-Wei Pan

Among the various versions of the twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) protocol [M.Lucamarini, Z. Yuan, J. Dynes, and A. Shields, Nature (London) 557, 400 (2018)] that can overcome the rate-distance limit, the TF-QKD without phase…

In practical decoy-state quantum key distribution, the raw key length is finite. Thus, deviation of the estimated single photon yield and single photon error rate from their respective true values due to finite sample size can seriously…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-14 H. F. Chau

Secure key rate of decoy-state quantum key distribution protocols has been improved with biased basis choice, however, the security standards and parameters of current protocols are different. As a result, we cannot give an accurate key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-13 Hong-xin Li , Ming Gao , Xue-ping Yan , Bao Yan , Yu Han , Ling Shan , Zhi Ma