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Sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMARTs) provide a systematic framework for constructing and evaluating dynamic treatment regimens (DTRs). In clinical studies, longitudinal biomarkers are routinely collected to monitor…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-06 Zhengxi Chen , Holly Hartman

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are sequences of decision rules that recommend treatments based on patients' time-varying clinical conditions. The sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) is an experimental design that can…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-14 Xinru Wang , Nina Deliu , Yusuke Narita , Bibhas Chakraborty

The optimal prophylaxis, and treatment if the prophylaxis fails, for a disease may be best evaluated using a sequential multiple assignment randomised trial (SMART). A SMART is a multi-stage study that randomises a participant to an initial…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-25 Robert K. Mahar , Katherine J. Lee , Bibhas Chakraborty , Agus Salim , Julie A. Simpson

Quantile optimal treatment regimes (OTRs) aim to assign treatments that maximize a specified quantile of patients' outcomes. Compared to treatment regimes that target the mean outcomes, quantile OTRs offer fairer regimes when a lower…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-07 Junwen Xia , Jingxiao Zhang , Dehan Kong

Cluster-level dynamic treatment regimens can be used to guide sequential, intervention or treatment decision-making at the cluster level in order to improve outcomes at the individual or patient-level. In a cluster-level DTR, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-15 Timothy NeCamp , Amy Kilbourne , Daniel Almirall

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) formalize medical decision-making as a sequence of rules for different stages, mapping patient-level information to recommended treatments. In practice, estimating an optimal DTR using observational data…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-11 Jian Sun , Bo Fu , Li Su

A dynamic treatment regimen (DTR) is a set of decision rules to personalize treatments for an individual using their medical history. The Q-learning-based Q-shared algorithm has been used to develop DTRs that involve decision rules shared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-05 Palash Ghosh , Xinru Wang , Trikay Nalamada , Shruti Agarwal , Maria Jahja , Bibhas Chakraborty

Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) fine-tuning show promise in addressing multi-objective tasks but still face significant challenges, including competing objective balancing, low training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Lingxiao Kong , Cong Yang , Susanne Neufang , Oya Deniz Beyan , Zeyd Boukhers

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are sequences of decision rules designed to tailor treatment based on patients' treatment history and evolving disease status. Ordinal outcomes frequently serve as primary endpoints in clinical trials and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-11 Xinru Wang , Tanujit Chakraborty , Bibhas Chakraborty

In the ever-changing and intricate landscape of financial markets, portfolio optimisation remains a formidable challenge for investors and asset managers. Conventional methods often struggle to capture the complex dynamics of market…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-09 Himanshu Choudhary , Arishi Orra , Manoj Thakur

Public policies and medical interventions often involve dynamic treatment assignments, in which individuals receive a sequence of interventions over multiple stages. We study the statistical learning of optimal dynamic treatment regimes…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-21 Shosei Sakaguchi

To achieve the goal of providing the best possible care to each patient, physicians need to customize treatments for patients with the same diagnosis, especially when treating diseases that can progress further and require additional…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-25 Xiao Li , Brent R Logan , S M Ferdous Hossain , Erica E M Moodie

Can an agent learn efficiently in a noisy and self adapting environment with sequential, non-stationary and non-homogeneous observations? Through trading bots, we illustrate how Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) can tackle this challenge.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Eric Benhamou , David Saltiel , Sandrine Ungari , Abhishek Mukhopadhyay , Jamal Atif

This paper presents the first deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework to estimate the optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes from observational medical data. This framework is more flexible and adaptive for high dimensional action and state…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Ning Liu , Ying Liu , Brent Logan , Zhiyuan Xu , Jian Tang , Yanzhi Wang

With the advancement in drug development, multiple treatments are available for a single disease. Patients can often benefit from taking multiple treatments simultaneously. For example, patients in Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)…

Applications · Statistics 2018-04-17 Muxuan Liang , Ye Ting , Haoda Fu

This thesis presents a novel approach to neural network training that addresses the challenge of determining the optimal number of learning factors. The proposed Adaptive Multiple Optimal Learning Factors (AMOLF) algorithm dynamically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Jeshwanth Challagundla

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTR) are a statistical paradigm in precision medicine which aim to optimize patient outcomes by individualizing treatments. At its simplest, a DTR may require only a single decision to be made; this special case…

Applications · Statistics 2021-09-06 Larry Dong , Erica E. M. Moodie , Laura Villain , Rodolphe Thiébaut

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTR) are sequential decision rules corresponding to several stages of intervention. Each rule maps patients' covariates to optional treatments. The optimal dynamic treatment regime is the one that maximizes the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-10 Zhishuai Liu , Zishu Zhan , Jian Liu , Danhui Yi , Cunjie Lin , Yufei Yang

A main research goal in various studies is to use an observational data set and provide a new set of counterfactual guidelines that can yield causal improvements. Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTRs) are widely studied to formalize this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Soroush Saghafian

Sample efficiency and exploration remain critical challenges in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), particularly in complex domains. Offline RL, which enables agents to learn optimal policies from static, pre-collected datasets, has emerged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Gaurav Chaudhary , Wassim Uddin Mondal , Laxmidhar Behera