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The generation of certifiable randomness is one of the most promising applications of quantum technologies. Furthermore, the intrinsic non-locality of quantum correlations allow us to certify randomness in a device-independent way, i.e. one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 Brian Coyle , Elham Kashefi , Matty Hoban

We provide an analysis of a new family of device independent quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols with several novel features: (a) The bits used for the secret key do not come from the results of the measurements on an entangled state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-09 Ramij Rahaman , Matthew G. Parker , Piotr Mironowicz , Marcin Pawłowski

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) output genuine random numbers based upon the uncertainty principle. A QRNG contains two parts in general --- a randomness source and a readout detector. How to remove detector imperfections has been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-14 Zhu Cao , Hongyi Zhou , Xiongfeng Ma

In the implementation of device-independent quantum key distribution we are interested in maximizing the key rate, i.e. the number of key bits that can be obtained per signal, for a fixed security parameter. In the finite size regime, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-25 Gláucia Murta , Suzanne B. van Dam , Jérémy Ribeiro , Ronald Hanson , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is based on the laws of quantum mechanics to enable provably secure communication. Despite its theoretical security promise, practical QKD systems are vulnerable to serious attacks, including side-channel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Syed M. Arslan , Saif Al-Kuwari , M. T. Rahim , Hashir Kuniyal

Although quantum random number generators rely on the inherent indeterminism of quantum mechanics, ensuring that the numbers produced are secure remains a significant challenge. We introduce two semi-device-independent randomness expansion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Rutvij Bhavsar , Hamid Tebyanian , Roger Colbeck

Quantum random number generation (QRNG) is a resource that is a necessity in the field of cryptography. However, its certification has been challenging. In this article, we certify randomness with the aid of quantum entanglement in a device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Vardaan Mongia , Abhishek Kumar , Shashi Prabhakar , Anindya Banerji , R. P. Singh

Device-independent quantum key distribution (QKD) can permit the superior security even with unknown devices. In practice, however, the realization of device-independent QKD is technically challenging because of its low noise tolerance. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-22 Feihu Xu , Yu-Zhe Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

It is well known that the effect of quantum nonlocality, as witnessed by violation of a Bell inequality, can be observed even when relaxing the assumption of measurement independence, i.e. allowing for the source to be partially correlated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-17 Ivan Šupić , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Nicolas Brunner

Device-independent quantum random number generation (DIQRNG) is the gold standard for generating truly random numbers, as it can produce certifiably random numbers from untrusted devices. However, the stringent device requirements of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Ignatius William Primaatmaja , Hong Jie Ng , Koon Tong Goh

Any Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol consists first of sequences of measurements that produce some correlation between classical data. We show that these correlation data must violate some Bell inequality in order to contain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Antonio Acin , Nicolas Gisin , Lluis Masanes

Quantum technologies offer significant advancements in information processing and communication, notably in the domain of random number generation (RNG). The use of Bell inequalities enables users to certify the randomness of outputs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Robert Okuła , Piotr Mironowicz

The nonlocal behavior of quantum mechanics can be used to generate guaranteed fresh randomness from an untrusted device that consists of two nonsignalling components; since the generation process requires some initial fresh randomness to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-26 Serge Fehr , Ran Gelles , Christian Schaffner

The certification of randomness is essential for both fundamental science and information technologies. Unlike traditional random number generators, randomness obtained from nonlocal correlations is fundamentally guaranteed to be…

Bell nonlocality as a resource for device independent certification schemes has been studied extensively in recent years. The strongest form of device independent certification is referred to as self-testing, which given a device certifies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-15 Shubhayan Sarkar , Debashis Saha , Jędrzej Kaniewski , Remigiusz Augusiak

The unpredictability of random numbers is fundamental to both digital security and applications that fairly distribute resources. However, existing random number generators have limitations-the generation processes cannot be fully traced,…

In quantum information, device-independent protocols offer a new approach to information processing tasks, making minimal assumptions about the devices used. Typically, since these protocols draw conclusions directly from the data collected…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Gelo Noel M. Tabia , Alex Yueh-Ting Shih , Jin-Yuan Zheng , Yeong-Cherng Liang

Bell experiments can be used to generate private random numbers. An ideal Bell experiment would involve measuring a state of two maximally entangled qubits, but in practice any state produced is subject to noise. Here we consider how the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-12 Jean-Daniel Bancal , Valerio Scarani

A semi-device-independent framework for prepare-and-measure experiments is introduced in which an experimenter can tune the degree of distrust in the performance of the quantum devices. In this framework, a receiver operates an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-26 Armin Tavakoli

A new protocol for quantum key distribution based on entanglement swapping is presented. In this protocol, both certain key and random key can be generated without any loss of security. It is this property differs our protocol from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Chong Li , He-Shan Song , Ling Zhou , Chun-Feng Wu