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Diffusion models have achieved significant success in both natural image and medical image domains, encompassing a wide range of applications. Previous investigations in medical images have often been constrained to specific anatomical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Yongrui Yu , Yannian Gu , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang

Diffusion models show promise for image restoration, but existing methods often struggle with inconsistent fidelity and undesirable artifacts. To address this, we introduce Kernel Density Steering (KDS), a novel inference-time framework…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yuyang Hu , Kangfu Mei , Mojtaba Sahraee-Ardakan , Ulugbek S. Kamilov , Peyman Milanfar , Mauricio Delbracio

Dark-field X-ray microscopy is a new full-field imaging technique that nondestructively maps the structure and local strain inside deeply embedded crystalline elements in three dimensions. Placing an objective lens in the diffracted beam…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-03-10 H. F. Poulsen , L. E. Dresselhaus-Marais , M. A. Carlsen , C. Detlefs , G. Winther

Foundation models trained on web-scraped datasets propagate societal biases to downstream tasks. While counterfactual generation enables bias analysis, existing methods introduce artifacts by modifying contextual elements like clothing and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Kirill Sirotkin , Marcos Escudero-Viñolo , Pablo Carballeira , Mayug Maniparambil , Catarina Barata , Noel E. O'Connor

Classical density functional theory (DFT) is a statistical mechanical theory for calculating the density profiles of the molecules in a liquid. It is widely used, for example. to calculate the density distribution of the molecules in the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-07-08 Adam P. Hughes , Uwe Thiele , Andrew J. Archer

For a considerable time, researchers have focused on developing a method that establishes a deep connection between the generative diffusion model and mathematical physics. Despite previous efforts, progress has been limited to the pursuit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Weiyang Jin , Yongpei Zhu , Yuxi Peng

Estimating correspondences between pairs of deformable shapes remains a challenging problem. Despite substantial progress, existing methods lack broad generalization capabilities and require category-specific training data. To address these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Aleksei Zhuravlev , Zorah Lähner , Vladislav Golyanik

In medical imaging, the diffusion models have shown great potential for synthetic image generation tasks. However, these approaches often lack the interpretable connections between the generated and real images and can create anatomically…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-12 Jian-Qing Zheng , Yuanhan Mo , Yang Sun , Jiahua Li , Fuping Wu , Ziyang Wang , Tonia Vincent , Bartłomiej W. Papież

Learning an individualized dose rule in personalized medicine is a challenging statistical problem. Existing methods often suffer from the curse of dimensionality, especially when the decision function is estimated nonparametrically. To…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-22 Wenzhuo Zhou , Ruoqing Zhu , Donglin Zeng

We address the open question of counterfactual identification for high-dimensional multivariate outcomes from observational data. Pearl (2000) argues that counterfactuals must be identifiable (i.e., recoverable from the observed data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Fabio De Sousa Ribeiro , Ainkaran Santhirasekaram , Ben Glocker

Observational studies are rising in importance due to the widespread accumulation of data in fields such as healthcare, education, employment and ecology. We consider the task of answering counterfactual questions such as, "Would this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-07 Fredrik D. Johansson , Uri Shalit , David Sontag

Nowadays many real-world datasets can be considered as functional, in the sense that the processes which generate them are continuous. A fundamental property of this type of data is that in theory they belong to an infinite-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 María Barroso , Carlos María Alaíz , Ángela Fernández , Jose Luis Torrecilla

Text-driven person image generation is an emerging and challenging task in cross-modality image generation. Controllable person image generation promotes a wide range of applications such as digital human interaction and virtual try-on.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Kaiduo Zhang , Muyi Sun , Jianxin Sun , Binghao Zhao , Kunbo Zhang , Zhenan Sun , Tieniu Tan

Machine learning methods, such as diffusion models, are widely explored as a promising way to accelerate high-fidelity fluid dynamics computation via a super-resolution process from faster-to-compute low-fidelity input. However, existing…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Ruoyan Li , Zijie Huang , Haixin Wang , Guancheng Wan , Yizhou Sun , Wei Wang

We develop a novel method for counterfactual analysis based on observational data using prediction intervals for units under different exposures. Unlike methods that target heterogeneous or conditional average treatment effects of an…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-07-18 Dave Zachariah , Petre Stoica

Fundus imaging is a critical tool in ophthalmology, with different imaging modalities offering unique advantages. For instance, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) can accurately identify eye diseases. However, traditional invasive FFA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Chengzhou Yu , Huihui Fang , Hongqiu Wang , Ting Deng , Qing Du , Yanwu Xu , Weihua Yang

Near infrared diffuse optical imaging can be performed in reflectance and transmission mode and relies on physical models along with measurements to extract information on changes in chromophore concentration. Continuous-wave near-infrared…

Optics · Physics 2026-02-03 Kaiser Niknam , Mannu Bardhan Paul , Mini Das

Precision medicine has the potential to tailor treatment decisions to individual patients using machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), but it faces significant challenges due to complex biases in clinical observational data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Michael Vollenweider , Manuel Schürch , Chiara Rohrer , Gabriele Gut , Michael Krauthammer , Andreas Wicki

Diffusion models have established new state of the art in a multitude of computer vision tasks, including image restoration. Diffusion-based inverse problem solvers generate reconstructions of exceptional visual quality from heavily…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-21 Zalan Fabian , Berk Tinaz , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

The inverse problem of Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) is often solved in an effort to benchmark and design approximate exchange-correlation potentials. The forward and inverse problems of DFT rely on the same equations but the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2017-08-02 Daniel Jensen , Adam Wasserman