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One of the central questions in the theory of deep learning is to understand how neural networks learn hierarchical features. The ability of deep networks to extract salient features is crucial to both their outstanding generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Eshaan Nichani , Alex Damian , Jason D. Lee

Deep neural networks have emerged as powerful tools for learning operators defined over infinite-dimensional function spaces. However, existing theories frequently encounter difficulties related to dimensionality and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jianfei Li , Shuo Huang , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou , Gitta Kutyniok

We introduce a new class of non-linear models for functional data based on neural networks. Deep learning has been very successful in non-linear modeling, but there has been little work done in the functional data setting. We propose two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Aniruddha Rajendra Rao , Matthew Reimherr

Modern neural network training relies on piece-wise (sub-)differentiable functions in order to use backpropagation to update model parameters. In this work, we introduce a novel method to allow simple non-differentiable functions at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Jason Ramapuram , Russ Webb

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become increasingly important due to their excellent empirical performance on a wide range of problems. However, regularization is generally achieved by indirect means, largely due to the complex set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Amal Rannen Triki , Maxim Berman , Matthew B. Blaschko

We prove Carl's type inequalities for the error of approximation of compact sets K by deep and shallow neural networks. This in turn gives lower bounds on how well we can approximate the functions in K when requiring the approximants to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-06 Guergana Petrova , Przemysław Wojtaszczyk

Large width limits have been a recent focus of deep learning research: modulo computational practicalities, do wider networks outperform narrower ones? Answering this question has been challenging, as conventional networks gain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Geoff Pleiss , John P. Cunningham

Landmark universal function approximation results for neural networks with trained weights and biases provided the impetus for the ubiquitous use of neural networks as learning models in neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Recent…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Ezekiel Williams , Alexandre Payeur , Avery Hee-Woon Ryoo , Thomas Jiralerspong , Matthew G. Perich , Luca Mazzucato , Guillaume Lajoie

We study the expressivity of deep neural networks. Measuring a network's complexity by its number of connections or by its number of neurons, we consider the class of functions for which the error of best approximation with networks of a…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-07-20 Rémi Gribonval , Gitta Kutyniok , Morten Nielsen , Felix Voigtlaender

Inference in deep Bayesian neural networks is only fully understood in the infinite-width limit, where the posterior flexibility afforded by increased depth washes out and the posterior predictive collapses to a shallow Gaussian process.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Cengiz Pehlevan

Understanding the relation between deep and shallow neural networks is extremely important for the theoretical study of deep learning. In this work, we discover an embedding principle in depth that loss landscape of an NN "contains" all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zhiwei Bai , Tao Luo , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Yaoyu Zhang

We consider neural network approximation spaces that classify functions according to the rate at which they can be approximated (with error measured in $L^p$) by ReLU neural networks with an increasing number of coefficients, subject to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-29 Philipp Grohs , Felix Voigtlaender

Neural networks are more expressive when they have multiple layers. In turn, conventional training methods are only successful if the depth does not lead to numerical issues such as exploding or vanishing gradients, which occur less…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Carles Riera , Camilo Rey , Thiago Serra , Eloi Puertas , Oriol Pujol

We study the power of deep neural networks (DNNs) with sigmoid activation function. Recently, it was shown that DNNs approximate any $d$-dimensional, smooth function on a compact set with a rate of order $W^{-p/d}$, where $W$ is the number…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Sophie Langer

The layered structure of deep neural networks hinders the use of numerous analysis tools and thus the development of its interpretability. Inspired by the success of functional brain networks, we propose a novel framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Ben Zhang , Zhetong Dong , Junsong Zhang , Hongwei Lin

We study shallow and deep neural networks whose inputs range over a general topological space. The model is built from a prescribed family of continuous feature maps and reduces to multilayer feedforward networks in the Euclidean case. We…

General Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Vugar Ismailov

We propose a novel class of neural network-like parametrized functions, i.e., general transformation neural networks (GTNNs), for high-dimensional approximation. Conventional deep neural networks sometimes perform less accurately on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Xiaoyang Wang , Yiqi Gu

We present a new method to approximate posterior probabilities of Bayesian Network using Deep Neural Network. Experiment results on several public Bayesian Network datasets shows that Deep Neural Network is capable of learning joint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-12 Jie Jia , Honggang Zhou , Yunchun Li

We consider neural networks with rational activation functions. The choice of the nonlinear activation function in deep learning architectures is crucial and heavily impacts the performance of a neural network. We establish optimal bounds…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Nicolas Boullé , Yuji Nakatsukasa , Alex Townsend

Supervised training of neural networks for classification is typically performed with a global loss function. The loss function provides a gradient for the output layer, and this gradient is back-propagated to hidden layers to dictate an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-09 Arild Nøkland , Lars Hiller Eidnes