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Most current approaches to metaphor identification use restricted linguistic contexts, e.g. by considering only a verb's arguments or the sentence containing a phrase. Inspired by pragmatic accounts of metaphor, we argue that broader…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Jesse Mu , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ekaterina Shutova

We propose a scalable framework for deciding, proving, and explaining (in-)equivalence of context-free grammars. We present an implementation of the framework and evaluate it on large data sets collected within educational support systems.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Marko Schmellenkamp , Thomas Zeume , Sven Argo , Sandra Kiefer , Cedric Siems , Fynn Stebel

In this paper we have defined the language theoretical properties of Parallel languages and series parallel languages. Parallel languages and Series parallel languages play vital roles in parallel processing and many applications in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-07 N. Mohana , Kalyani Desikan , V. Rajkumar Dare

The relationship between communicated language and intended meaning is often probabilistic and sensitive to context. Numerous strategies attempt to estimate such a mapping, often leveraging recursive Bayesian models of communication. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Benjamin Lipkin , Lionel Wong , Gabriel Grand , Joshua B Tenenbaum

In today's world password are mostly used for authentication. This makes them prone to various kinds of attacks like dictionary attacks. A dictionary attack is a method of breaking the password by systematically entering every word in a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-12-27 Priyanka Naik , Sugata Sanyal

In this paper we investigate formal verification problems for Neural Network computations. Of central importance will be various robustness and minimization problems such as: Given symbolic specifications of allowed inputs and outputs in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Adrian Wurm

Using more test-time computation during language model inference, such as generating more intermediate thoughts or sampling multiple candidate answers, has proven effective in significantly improving model performance. This paper takes an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xingwu Chen , Miao Lu , Beining Wu , Difan Zou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in code generation, yet they struggle with the multi-step, stateful reasoning required for offensive cybersecurity operations. Existing research often relies on static benchmarks that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 James Hugglestone , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Dawson Stoller , Ryan Schmidt , Xiuwen Liu

Reliably knowing when a language model is correct is almost as important as being correct. We introduce prover-verifier deliberation (PVD), an inference-time protocol grounded in interactive proof theory, as a mechanism for selective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 João Sedoc , Baotong Zhang , Dean Foster

Although large language models (LLMs) have been touted for their ability to generate natural-sounding text, there are growing concerns around possible negative effects of LLMs such as data memorization, bias, and inappropriate language.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Michael Kuchnik , Virginia Smith , George Amvrosiadis

The prevalence and strong capability of large language models (LLMs) present significant safety and ethical risks if exploited by malicious users. To prevent the potentially deceptive usage of LLMs, recent works have proposed algorithms to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Zhouxing Shi , Yihan Wang , Fan Yin , Xiangning Chen , Kai-Wei Chang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Recently, researchers have been working toward the development of practical general-purpose protocols for verifiable computation. These protocols enable a computationally weak verifier to offload computations to a powerful but untrusted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Justin Thaler

This paper presents a real-time modular defense system named Sentra-Guard. The system detects and mitigates jailbreak and prompt injection attacks targeting large language models (LLMs). The framework uses a hybrid architecture with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Md. Mehedi Hasan , Sk Tanzir Mehedi , Ziaur Rahman , Rafid Mostafiz , Md. Abir Hossain

We present Leapfrog, a Coq-based framework for verifying equivalence of network protocol parsers. Our approach is based on an automata model of P4 parsers, and an algorithm for symbolically computing a compact representation of a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Ryan Doenges , Tobias Kappé , John Sarracino , Nate Foster , Greg Morrisett

Semantic parsing is a technique aimed at constructing a structured representation of the meaning of a natural-language question. Recent advancements in few-shot language models trained on code have demonstrated superior performance in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Terry Yue Zhuo , Zhuang Li , Yujin Huang , Fatemeh Shiri , Weiqing Wang , Gholamreza Haffari , Yuan-Fang Li

As language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents in high-stakes settings, ensuring that they reliably follow user-defined rules has become a critical safety concern. To this end, we study whether language models exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Dylan Sam , Alexander Robey , Andy Zou , Matt Fredrikson , J. Zico Kolter

Boundary value analysis and testing (BVT) is fundamental in software quality assurance because faults tend to cluster at input extremes, yet testers often struggle to understand and justify why certain input-output pairs represent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Sabinakhon Akbarova , Felix Dobslaw , Robert Feldt

Foundations of formal languages, as subfield of theoretical computer science, are part of typical upper secondary education curricula. There is very little research on the potential difficulties that students at this level have with this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Marko Schmellenkamp , Dennis Stanglmair , Tilman Michaeli , Thomas Zeume

Type soundness is an important property of modern programming languages. In this paper we explore the idea that "well-typed languages are sound": the idea that the appropriate typing discipline over language specifications guarantees that…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Matteo Cimini , Dale Miller , Jeremy G. Siek

Higher-order grammars are extensions of regular and context-free grammars, where non-terminals may take parameters. They have been extensively studied in 1980's, and restudied recently in the context of model checking and program…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-23 Kazuyuki Asada , Naoki Kobayashi