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This paper proposes a deep learning (DL) model for automatic sleep stage classification based on single-channel EEG data. The DL model features a convolutional neural network (CNN) and transformers. The model was designed to run on energy…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-24 Zongyan Yao , Xilin Liu

Accurate classification of sleep stages from less obtrusive sensor measurements such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) or photoplethysmogram (PPG) could enable important applications in sleep medicine. Existing approaches to this problem have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jonathan F. Carter , Lionel Tarassenko

Electrophysiological observation plays a major role in epilepsy evaluation. However, human interpretation of brain signals is subjective and prone to misdiagnosis. Automating this process, especially seizure detection relying on scalp-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-06 David Ahmedt-Aristizabal , Clinton Fookes , Kien Nguyen , Sridha Sridharan

The monitoring of sleep patterns without patient's inconvenience or involvement of a medical specialist is a clinical question of significant importance. To this end, we propose an automatic sleep stage monitoring system based on an…

Medical Physics · Physics 2017-01-17 Takashi Nakamura , Valentin Goverdovsky , Mary J. Morrell , Danilo P. Mandic

Automatic sleep staging is a critical task in healthcare due to the global prevalence of sleep disorders. This study focuses on single-channel electroencephalography (EEG), a practical and widely available signal for automatic sleep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Amirali Vakili , Salar Jahanshiri , Armin Salimi-Badr

Sleeping problems have become one of the major diseases all over the world. To tackle this issue, the basic tool used by specialists is the Polysomnogram, which is a collection of different signals recorded during sleep. After its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Enrique Fernandez-Blanco , Daniel Rivero , Alejandro Pazos

Efficiently identifying sleep stages is crucial for unraveling the intricacies of sleep in both preclinical and clinical research. The labor-intensive nature of manual sleep scoring, demanding substantial expertise, has prompted a surge of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Shadi Sartipi , Mie Andersen , Natalie Hauglund , Celia Kjaerby , Verena Untiet , Maiken Nedergaard , Mujdat Cetin

Study Objective: Sleep is reflected not only in the electroencephalogram but also in heart rhythms and breathing patterns. Therefore, we hypothesize that it is possible to accurately stage sleep based on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and…

This paper proposes a practical approach for automatic sleep stage classification based on a multi-level feature learning framework and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) classifier using heart rate and wrist actigraphy derived from a wearable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-03 Xin Zhang , Weixuan Kou , Eric I-Chao Chang , He Gao , Yubo Fan , Yan Xu

The present study proposes a deep learning model, named DeepSleepNet, for automatic sleep stage scoring based on raw single-channel EEG. Most of the existing methods rely on hand-engineered features which require prior knowledge of sleep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-08-07 Akara Supratak , Hao Dong , Chao Wu , Yike Guo

Closed-loop sleep modulation is an emerging research paradigm to treat sleep disorders and enhance sleep benefits. However, two major barriers hinder the widespread application of this research paradigm. First, subjects often need to be…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-24 Mingzhe Sun , Aaron Zhou , Naize Yang , Yaqian Xu , Yuhan Hou , Xilin Liu

Over the years, several approaches have tried to tackle the problem of performing an automatic scoring of the sleeping stages. Although any polysomnography usually collects over a dozen of different signals, this particular problem has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-26 Enrique Fernandez-Blanco , Carlos Fernandez-Lozano , Alejandro Pazos , Daniel Rivero

Diagnosing sleep disorders is an important focus in neuroscience and engineering, as these conditions involve issues such as insufficient sleep, frequent awakenings, and difficulty reaching deep sleep. Accurate detection based on brain…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-03 Mohammad Reza Yousefi , Reza Rahimi

Accurate classification of sleep stages is crucial for the diagnosis and management of sleep disorders. Conventional approaches for sleep scoring rely on manual annotation or features extracted from EEG signals in the time or frequency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Mehdi Zekriyapanah Gashti , Ghasem Farjamnia

Being able to analyze and interpret signal coming from electroencephalogram (EEG) recording can be of high interest for many applications including medical diagnosis and Brain-Computer Interfaces. Indeed, human experts are today able to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Nizar Kerkeni , Frederic Alexandre , Mohamed Hedi Bedoui , Laurent Bougrain , Mohamed Dogui

Electroencephalography (EEG) during sleep is used by clinicians to evaluate various neurological disorders. In sleep medicine, it is relevant to detect macro-events (> 10s) such as sleep stages, and micro-events (<2s) such as spindles and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-07-17 Stanislas Chambon , Valentin Thorey , Pierrick J. Arnal , Emmanuel Mignot , Alexandre Gramfort

Sleep staging based on electroencephalogram (EEG) plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. In order to emancipate human experts from heavy labeling work, deep neural networks have been employed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Xue Jiang

Sleep studies are important for diagnosing sleep disorders such as insomnia, narcolepsy or sleep apnea. They rely on manual scoring of sleep stages from raw polisomnography signals, which is a tedious visual task requiring the workload of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Albert Vilamala , Kristoffer H. Madsen , Lars K. Hansen

Automatic sleep staging typically relies on gold-standard EEG setups, which are accurate but obtrusive and impractical for everyday use outside sleep laboratories. This limits applicability in real-world settings, such as home environments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Philipp Lepold , Jonas Leichtle , Tobias Röddiger , Michael Beigl

Understanding the sleep quality and architecture is essential to human being's health, which is usually represented using multiple sleep stages. A standard sleep stage determination requires Electroencephalography (EEG) signals during the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-26 Yuezhou Zhang , Zhicheng Yang , Ke Lan , Xiaoli Liu , Zhengbo Zhang , Peiyao Li , Desen Cao , Jiewen Zheng , Jianli Pan