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Among existing online mobile-use benchmarks, AndroidWorld has emerged as the dominant benchmark due to its reproducible environment and deterministic evaluation; however, recent agents achieving over 90% success rates indicate its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Quyu Kong , Xu Zhang , Zhenyu Yang , Nolan Gao , Chen Liu , Panrong Tong , Chenglin Cai , Hanzhang Zhou , Jianan Zhang , Liangyu Chen , Zhidan Liu , Steven Hoi , Yue Wang

Privacy concerns have long been expressed around smart devices, and the concerns around Android apps have been studied by many past works. Over the past 10 years, we have crawled and scraped data for almost 1.9 million apps, and also stored…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Alexander Yu , Yuvraj Agarwal , Jason I. Hong

Mobile apps have become indispensable for daily life, not only for individuals but also for companies/organizations that offer their services digitally. Inherited by the mobility of devices, there are no limitations regarding the locations…

Context: Microservice-based systems have established themselves in the software industry. However, sustainability-related legislation and the growing costs of energy-hungry software increase the importance of energy efficiency for these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Xingwen Xiao , Chushu Gao , Justus Bogner

App repackaging refers to the practice of customizing an existing mobile app and redistributing it in the wild. In this way, the attacker aims to force some mobile users to install the repackaged(likely malicious) app instead of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Alessio Merlo , Antonio Ruggia , Luigi Sciolla , Luca Verderame

Given the complexity and heterogeneity in Cloud computing scenarios, the modeling approach has widely been employed to investigate and analyze the energy consumption of Cloud applications, by abstracting real-world objects and processes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Zheng Li , Selome Tesfatsion , Saeed Bastani , Ahmed Ali-Eldin , Erik Elmroth , Maria Kihl , Rajiv Ranjan

Android applications are frequently plagiarized or repackaged, and software obfuscation is a recommended protection against these practices. However, there is very little data on the overall rates of app obfuscation, the techniques used, or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-21 Dominik Wermke , Nicolas Huaman , Yasemin Acar , Brad Reaves , Patrick Traynor , Sascha Fahl

We are in the dawn of deep learning explosion for smartphones. To bridge the gap between research and practice, we present the first empirical study on 16,500 the most popular Android apps, demystifying how smartphone apps exploit deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-14 Mengwei Xu , Jiawei Liu , Yuanqiang Liu , Felix Xiaozhu Lin , Yunxin Liu , Xuanzhe Liu

Since Android has become a popular software platform for mobile devices recently; they offer almost the same functionality as personal computers. Malwares have also become a big concern. As the number of new Android applications tends to be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Muhammad Zuhair Qadir , Atif Nisar Jilani , Hassam Ullah Sheikh

The integration of AI techniques has become increasingly popular in software development, enhancing performance, usability, and the availability of intelligent features. With the rise of large language models (LLMs) and generative AI,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Kimberly Hau , Safwat Hassan , Shurui Zhou

Empirical results in software engineering have long started to show that findings are unlikely to be applicable to all software systems, or any domain: results need to be evaluated in specified contexts, and limited to the type of systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Cezar Sas , Andrea Capiluppi

Refactoring is the practice of improving software quality without altering its external behavior. Developers intuitively refactor their code for multiple purposes, such as improving program comprehension, reducing code complexity, dealing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Eman Abdullah AlOmar , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer , Ali Ouni

Software start-up failures are often explained with poor business model, market issues, insufficient funding, or simply a bad product idea. However, inadequacies in software product engineering are relatively little explored and could be a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Eriks Klotins , Michael Unterkalmsteiner , Tony Gorschek

Spring security is tremendously popular among practitioners for its ease of use to secure enterprise applications. In this paper, we study the application framework misconfiguration vulnerabilities in the light of Spring security, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Mazharul Islam , Sazzadur Rahaman , Na Meng , Behnaz Hassanshahi , Padmanabhan Krishnan , Danfeng , Yao

The Android platform introduces the runtime permission model in version 6.0. The new model greatly improves data privacy and user experience, but brings new challenges for app developers. First, it allows users to freely revoke granted…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Sinan Wang , Yibo Wang , Xian Zhan , Ying Wang , Yepang Liu , Xiapu Luo , Shing-Chi Cheung

With the continuous growth in the usage of Android apps, ensuring their security has become critically important. An increasing number of malicious apps adopt anti-analysis techniques to evade security measures. Although some research has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Dewen Suo , Lei Xue , Runze Tan , Weihao Huang , Guozi Sun

Refactoring is the process of improving the design of existing code by changing its internal structure without affecting its external behaviour, with the main aims of improving the quality of software product. Therefore, there is a belief…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-02-13 S. H. Kannangara , W. M. J. I. Wijayanayake

Android applications (apps) grow dramatically in recent years. Apps are user interface (UI) centric typically. Rapid UI responsiveness is key consideration to app developers. However, we still lack a handy tool for profiling app performance…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-12-29 Yu Kang , Yangfan Zhou , Hui Xu , Michael R. Lyu

AI research has traditionally prioritised algorithmic performance, such as optimising accuracy in machine learning or runtime in automated planning. The emerging paradigm of Green AI challenges this by recognising energy consumption as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ilche Georgievski , Serhat Tekin , Marco Aiello

The amount of Android malware has increased greatly during the last few years. Static analysis is widely used in detecting such malware by analyzing the code without execution. The effectiveness of current tools relies on the app model as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-04-11 Mohsin Junaid , Donggang Liu , David Kung