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We study the complexity of functions computable by deep feedforward neural networks with piecewise linear activations in terms of the symmetries and the number of linear regions that they have. Deep networks are able to sequentially map…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-06-10 Guido Montúfar , Razvan Pascanu , Kyunghyun Cho , Yoshua Bengio

We study ReLU deep neural networks (DNNs) by investigating their connections with the hierarchical basis method in finite element methods. First, we show that the approximation schemes of ReLU DNNs for $x^2$ and $xy$ are composition…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-08-09 Juncai He , Lin Li , Jinchao Xu

We discuss the expressive power of neural networks which use the non-smooth ReLU activation function $\varrho(x) = \max\{0,x\}$ by analyzing the approximation theoretic properties of such networks. The existing results mainly fall into two…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-04-10 Felix Voigtlaender , Philipp Petersen

Deep neural networks (DNNs) and Kolmogorov-Arnold networks (KANs) are popular methods for function approximation due to their flexibility and expressivity. However, they typically require a large number of trainable parameters to produce a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Zachary Morrow , Michael Penwarden , Brian Chen , Aurya Javeed , Akil Narayan , John D. Jakeman

We show that there is a simple (approximately radial) function on $\reals^d$, expressible by a small 3-layer feedforward neural networks, which cannot be approximated by any 2-layer network, to more than a certain constant accuracy, unless…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-10 Ronen Eldan , Ohad Shamir

High-dimensional depth separation results for neural networks show that certain functions can be efficiently approximated by two-hidden-layer networks but not by one-hidden-layer ones in high-dimensions $d$. Existing results of this type…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Luca Venturi , Samy Jelassi , Tristan Ozuch , Joan Bruna

Compared with cheap addition operation, multiplication operation is of much higher computation complexity. The widely-used convolutions in deep neural networks are exactly cross-correlation to measure the similarity between input feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Hanting Chen , Yunhe Wang , Chang Xu , Chao Xu , Chunjing Xu , Tong Zhang

In this paper it is shown that $C_\beta$-smooth functions can be approximated by deep neural networks with ReLU activation function and with parameters $\{0,\pm \frac{1}{2}, \pm 1, 2\}$. The $l_0$ and $l_1$ parameter norms of considered…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-26 Aleksandr Beknazaryan

This paper introduces deep super ReLU networks (DSRNs) as a method for approximating functions in Sobolev spaces measured by Sobolev norms $W^{m,p}$ for $m\in\mathbb{N}$ with $m\ge 2$ and $1\le p\le +\infty$. Standard ReLU deep neural…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Yahong Yang , Yue Wu , Haizhao Yang , Yang Xiang

Universal approximation theorems show that neural networks can approximate any continuous function; however, the number of parameters may grow exponentially with the ambient dimension, so these results do not fully explain the practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Changhoon Song , Seungchan Ko , Youngjoon Hong

Neural networks are a powerful class of functions that can be trained with simple gradient descent to achieve state-of-the-art performance on a variety of applications. Despite their practical success, there is a paucity of results that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Bo Xie , Yingyu Liang , Le Song

Complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) have recently shown promising empirical success, for instance for increasing the stability of recurrent neural networks and for improving the performance in tasks with complex-valued inputs, such as in…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2023-10-31 Paul Geuchen , Felix Voigtlaender

This article concerns the expressive power of depth in deep feed-forward neural nets with ReLU activations. Specifically, we answer the following question: for a fixed $d_{in}\geq 1,$ what is the minimal width $w$ so that neural nets with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-13 Boris Hanin , Mark Sellke

We demonstrate that a very deep ResNet with stacked modules with one neuron per hidden layer and ReLU activation functions can uniformly approximate any Lebesgue integrable function in $d$ dimensions, i.e. $\ell_1(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Because of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Hongzhou Lin , Stefanie Jegelka

We generalize the classical universal approximation theorem for neural networks to the case of complex-valued neural networks. Precisely, we consider feedforward networks with a complex activation function $\sigma : \mathbb{C} \to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Felix Voigtlaender

We consider approximation rates of sparsely connected deep rectified linear unit (ReLU) and rectified power unit (RePU) neural networks for functions in Besov spaces $B^\alpha_{q}(L^p)$ in arbitrary dimension $d$, on general domains. We…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-03-25 Mazen Ali , Anthony Nouy

The universal approximation theorem, in one of its most general versions, says that if we consider only continuous activation functions $\sigma$, then a standard feedforward neural network with one hidden layer is able to approximate any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Kai Fong Ernest Chong

This paper considers the power of deep neural networks (deep nets for short) in realizing data features. Based on refined covering number estimates, we find that, to realize some complex data features, deep nets can improve the performances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-03 Zheng-Chu Guo , Lei Shi , Shao-Bo Lin

Artificial neural networks (ANN), typically referred to as neural networks, are a class of Machine Learning algorithms and have achieved widespread success, having been inspired by the biological structure of the human brain. Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Murilo Gustineli

In this paper, we develop a framework for showing that neural networks can overcome the curse of dimensionality in different high-dimensional approximation problems. Our approach is based on the notion of a catalog network, which is a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-13 Patrick Cheridito , Arnulf Jentzen , Florian Rossmannek