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The ultimate sensitivity of optical detection is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The first part of the paper shows that coherence plays an important role in the noise analysis. Although interference between an auxiliary wave and…

Optics · Physics 2007-05-23 Taras Plakhotnik

Due to limited availability of spectrum for licensed users only, the need for secondary access by unlicensed users is increasing. Cognitive radio turns out to be helping this situation because all that is needed is a technique that could…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-06-16 S. Taruna , Bhumika Pahwa

Spectrum scarcity is a prevalent problem in wireless networks due to the strict allotment of the spectrum (frequency bands) to licensed users by network regulatory bodies. Such an operation implies that the unlicensed users (secondary…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Nyashadzashe Tamuka , Khulumani Sibanda

In this paper, we propose a low-complexity blind estimator for the average noise power, average signal power, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multi-antenna uplink systems. In particular, the proposed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-13 Hanyoung Park , Homin Jang , Ji-Woong Choi

Novel methods and technology drive the rapid advances of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The primary objective of developing novel hardware is to improve sensitivity and reliability (and possibly to reduce cost). Automation has made NMR…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-06-16 Josh P. Peters , Frank D. Sönnichsen , Jan-Bernd Hövener , Andrey N. Pravdivtsev

We consider the problem of distributed estimation of an unknown deterministic scalar parameter (the target signal) in a wireless sensor network (WSN), where each sensor receives a single snapshot of the field. We assume that the observation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-10-09 Qing Zhou , Di Li , Soummya Kar , Lauren Huie , H. Vincent Poor , Shuguang Cui

This paper presents the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) experimental results of the Max-Min signal to noise ratio (SNR) Signal Energy based Spectrum Sensing Algorithms for Cognitive Radio Networks which is recently proposed in…

Applications · Statistics 2014-01-16 Tadilo Endeshaw Bogale , Luc Vandendorpe

This paper investigates the signal detection problem in colored noise with an unknown covariance matrix. In particular, we focus on detecting an unknown non-random signal by capitalizing on the leading eigenvalue of the whitened sample…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-01 Prathapasinghe Dharmawansa , Saman Atapattu , Jamie Evans , Kandeepan Sithamparanathan

Detecting anomalous behavior in wireless spectrum is a demanding task due to the sheer complexity of the electromagnetic spectrum use. Wireless spectrum anomalies can take a wide range of forms from the presence of an unwanted signal in a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-07-24 Sreeraj Rajendran , Wannes Meert , Vincent Lenders , Sofie Pollin

In applications that involve sensor data, a useful measure of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is the ratio of the root-mean-squared (RMS) signal to the RMS sensor noise. The present paper shows that, for numerical differentiation, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-28 Shashank Verma , Mohammad Almuhaihi , Dennis S. Bernstein

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is an important index for wireless communications. In CDMA systems, spreading sequences are utilized. This series of papers show the method to derive spreading sequences as the solutions of the non-linear…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-12-28 Hirofumi Tsuda , Ken Umeno

Recent advances in random matrix theory have spurred the adoption of eigenvalue-based detection techniques for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio. Most of such techniques use the ratio between the largest and the smallest…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-09-23 Federico Penna , Roberto Garello , Maurizio A. Spirito

Spectrum sensing is one of the enabling functionalities for cognitive radio (CR) systems to operate in the spectrum white space. To protect the primary incumbent users from interference, the CR is required to detect incumbent signals at…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Zhi Quan , Stephen J. Shellhammer , Wenyi Zhang , Ali H. Sayed

The rapid development of 5G New Radio (NR) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems highlights the critical importance of maintaining accurate phase synchronization to ensure reliable and efficient communication. This study…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-10 Desire Guel , Flavien Herve Somda , Boureima Zerbo , Oumarou Sie

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a promising technology for wireless communications, thanks to its potential capability to engineer the radio environment. However, in practice, such an envisaged benefit is attainable only when the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Chao Feng , Haiquan Lu , Yong Zeng , Shi Jin , Rui Zhang

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is critical in nanotechnology, materials science, and biological imaging due to its high spatial resolution and depth of focus. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is an essential parameter in SEM because it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 K. S. Sim , I. Bukhori , D. C. Y. Ong , K. B. Gan

We propose an adversarial evaluation framework for sensitive feature inference based on minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimation with a finite sample size and linear predictive models. Our approach establishes theoretical lower bounds…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-15 Monica Welfert , Nathan Stromberg , Mario Diaz , Lalitha Sankar

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a fundamental tool to measure the performance of an image sensor. However, confusions sometimes arise between the two types of SNRs. The first one is the output-referred SNR which measures the ratio…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-14 Abhiram Gnanasambandam , Stanley H. Chan

Spectrum sensing enables cognitive radio systems to detect unused portions of the radio spectrum and then use them while avoiding interferences to the primary users. Energy detection is one of the most used techniques for spectrum sensing…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-03-15 Youness Arjoune

In this paper we address the problem of finding the sensing capacity of sensor networks for a class of linear observation models and a fixed SNR regime. Sensing capacity is defined as the maximum number of signal dimensions reliably…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Shuchin Aeron , Manqi Zhao , Venkatesh Saligrama