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Deep learning (DL) has gained popularity in recent years as an effective tool for classifying the current health and predicting the future of industrial equipment. However, most DL models have black-box components with an underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Hao Lu , Austin M. Bray , Chao Hu , Andrew T. Zimmerman , Hongyi Xu

A meningioma is a type of brain tumor that requires tumor volume size follow ups in order to reach appropriate clinical decisions. A fully automated tool for meningioma detection is necessary for reliable and consistent tumor surveillance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Sungmin Lee , Jangho Lee , Jungbeom Lee , Chul-Kee Park , Sungroh Yoon

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved significant success in various synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tasks. However, the complexity and opacity of their internal mechanisms hinder the fulfillment of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Siyuan Sun , Yongping Zhang , Hongcheng Zeng , Yamin Wang , Wei Yang , Wanting Yang , Jie Chen

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve prevailing results in segmentation tasks nowadays and represent the state-of-the-art for image-based analysis. However, the understanding of the accurate decision-making process of a CNN is…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-01 Tillmann Rheude , Andreas Wirtz , Arjan Kuijper , Stefan Wesarg

In this paper, we propose an efficient saliency map generation method, called Group score-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Group-CAM), which adopts the "split-transform-merge" strategy to generate saliency maps. Specifically, for an input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Qinglong Zhang , Lu Rao , Yubin Yang

Post-hoc explanation methods, e.g., Grad-CAM, enable humans to inspect the spatial regions responsible for a particular network decision. However, it is shown that such explanations are not always consistent with human priors, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Vipin Pillai , Soroush Abbasi Koohpayegani , Ashley Ouligian , Dennis Fong , Hamed Pirsiavash

Increasing demands for understanding the internal behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have led to remarkable improvements in explanation methods. Particularly, several class activation mapping (CAM) based methods, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Hyungsik Jung , Youngrock Oh

Despite their black-box nature, deep learning models are extensively used in image-based drug discovery to extract feature vectors from single cells in microscopy images. To better understand how these networks perform representation…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-27 Vivek Gopalakrishnan , Jingzhe Ma , Zhiyong Xie

Deep learning models have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains. However, the intricate nature of these models often impedes a clear understanding of their decision-making processes. This is where Explainable AI (XAI) becomes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Soham Mitra , Atri Sukul , Swalpa Kumar Roy , Pravendra Singh , Vinay Verma

Deep learning models as an emerging topic have shown great progress in various fields. Especially, visualization tools such as class activation mapping methods provided visual explanation on the reasoning of convolutional neural networks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Ali Caglayan , Nevrez Imamoglu , Oguzhan Guclu , Ali Osman Serhatoglu , Weimin Wang , Ahmet Burak Can , Ryosuke Nakamura

In many practical applications, deep neural networks have been typically deployed to operate as a black box predictor. Despite the high amount of work on interpretability and high demand on the reliability of these systems, they typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Martin Stano , Wanda Benesova , Lukas Samuel Martak

Neural networks trained to classify images do so by identifying features that allow them to distinguish between classes. These sets of features are either causal or context dependent. Grad-CAM is a popular method of visualizing both sets of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Mohit Prabhushankar , Ghassan AlRegib

Deep learning techniques have proven high accuracy for identifying melanoma in digitised dermoscopic images. A strength is that these methods are not constrained by features that are pre-defined by human semantics. A down-side is that it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Kyle Young , Gareth Booth , Becks Simpson , Reuben Dutton , Sally Shrapnel

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have seen significant performance improvements in recent years. However, due to their size and complexity, they function as black-boxes, leading to transparency concerns. State-of-the-art saliency…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Antonio De Santis , Riccardo Campi , Matteo Bianchi , Marco Brambilla

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used for high-stakes applications like medicine, often surpassing human performance. However, most explanation methods rely on post-hoc attribution, approximating the decision-making process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Kerol Djoumessi , Philipp Berens

3D Convolutional Neural Networks (3D-CNN) have been used for object recognition based on the voxelized shape of an object. However, interpreting the decision making process of these 3D-CNNs is still an infeasible task. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-29 Sambit Ghadai , Aditya Balu , Adarsh Krishnamurthy , Soumik Sarkar

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) and its gradient-based variants (e.g., GradCAM) have become standard tools for explaining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) predictions. However, these approaches typically focus on individual logits, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jacob Piland , Chris Sweet , Adam Czajka

Given their substantial success in addressing a wide range of computer vision challenges, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are increasingly being used in smart home applications, with many of these applications relying on the automatic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Utku Ozbulak , Baptist Vandersmissen , Azarakhsh Jalalvand , Ivo Couckuyt , Arnout Van Messem , Wesley De Neve

Traditionally, for most machine learning settings, gaining some degree of explainability that tries to give users more insights into how and why the network arrives at its predictions, restricts the underlying model and hinders performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Robin M. Schmidt

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) define the current state-of-the-art for image recognition. With their emerging popularity, especially for critical applications like medical image analysis or self-driving cars, confirmability is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Keyang Zhou , Bernhard Kainz