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Recently, the applications of the methodologies of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to NP-Hard Combinatorial optimization problems have become a popular topic. This is essentially due to the nature of the traditional combinatorial algorithms,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-02 Simone Foa , Corrado Coppola , Giorgio Grani , Laura Palagi

Recent studies in using deep learning to solve routing problems focus on construction heuristics, the solutions of which are still far from optimality. Improvement heuristics have great potential to narrow this gap by iteratively refining a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Yaoxin Wu , Wen Song , Zhiguang Cao , Jie Zhang , Andrew Lim

Designing high-performing heuristics for vehicle routing problems (VRPs) is a complex task that requires both intuition and deep domain knowledge. Large language model (LLM)-based code generation has recently shown promise across many…

The recently presented idea to learn heuristics for combinatorial optimization problems is promising as it can save costly development. However, to push this idea towards practical implementation, we need better models and better ways of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-08 Wouter Kool , Herke van Hoof , Max Welling

Real-world Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) are characterized by a variety of practical constraints, making manual solver design both knowledge-intensive and time-consuming. Although there is increasing interest in automating the design of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Kai Li , Fei Liu , Zhenkun Wang , Xialiang Tong , Xiongwei Han , Mingxuan Yuan , Qingfu Zhang

The electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP) has garnered great interest from researchers and industrialists in an attempt to move from fuel-based vehicles to healthier and more efficient electric vehicles (EVs). While it seems that the EVRP…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Kousik Rajesh , Eklavya Jain , Prakash Kotecha

The growing need for sustainable logistics solutions has led to the evolution of vehicle routing problems (VRPs) into more complex variants that address modern challenges. Among these, the Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Mehmet Anıl Akbay , Christian Blum

This paper studies robust variants of an extended model of the classical Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem (HVRP), where a mixed fleet of vehicles with different capacities, availabilities, fixed costs and routing costs is used to serve…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-19 Anirudh Subramanyam , Panagiotis P. Repoussis , Chrysanthos E. Gounaris

The vehicle routing problem has great importance and application in transportation and supply chain management. In this case, there are several supply requests in a transportation network. The main goal is to allocate customers to available…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-10 H. Bigdeli , S. M. S. Mirdamadi , A. Deaconu , J. Tayyebi

This paper addresses the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) by comparing classical and quantum Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches. An Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C) agent is implemented in classical, full quantum, and hybrid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Eva Andrés

With the rapid development of smart mobile devices, the car-hailing platforms (e.g., Uber or Lyft) have attracted much attention from both the academia and the industry. In this paper, we consider an important dynamic car-hailing problem,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Peng Cheng , Jiabao Jin , Lei Chen , Xuemin Lin , Libin Zheng

We study the vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands (VRPSD), an important variant of the classical capacitated vehicle routing problem in which customer demands are modeled as random variables. We develop the first algorithm for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-15 Matheus J. Ota , Ricardo Fukasawa

Routing problems are a class of combinatorial problems with many practical applications. Recently, end-to-end deep learning methods have been proposed to learn approximate solution heuristics for such problems. In contrast, classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Wouter Kool , Herke van Hoof , Joaquim Gromicho , Max Welling

This paper addresses an Electric Vehicle Relocation Problem (E-VReP), in one-way carsharing systems, based on operators who move through folding bicycles between a delivery request and one of pickup. In order to deal with its economical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-04-10 Maurizio Bruglieri , Ferdinando Pezzella , Ornella Pisacane

We present a two-level decomposition strategy for solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) using the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm. A Problem-Level Decomposition partitions a 13-node (156-qubit) VRP into smaller Traveling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Andrew Maciejunes , John Stenger , Dan Gunlycke , Nikos Chrisochoides

We consider a family of Rich Vehicle Routing Problems (RVRP) which have the particularity to combine a heterogeneous fleet with other attributes, such as backhauls, multiple depots, split deliveries, site dependency, open routes, duration…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-03-07 Puca Huachi Vaz Penna , Anand Subramanian , Luiz Satoru Ochi , Thibaut Vidal , Christian Prins

The inventory routing problem (IRP) focuses on jointly optimizing inventory and distribution operations from a supplier to retailers over multiple days. Compared to other problems from the vehicle routing family, the interrelations between…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingyi Zhao , Claudia Archetti , Tuan Anh Pham , Thibaut Vidal

This paper introduces the two-level capacitated vehicle routing problem (2S-CVRP). This problem combines the two-level bin packing problem and the vehicle routing problem into an integrated framework. The problem itself is an NP-hard…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-14 Congzheng Liu

This paper presents a model for a vehicle routing problem in which customer demands are stochastic and vehicles are divided into compartments. The problem is motivated by the needs of certain agricultural cooperatives that produce various…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-24 Juan Carlos Gonçalves-Dosantos , Laura Davila-Pena , Balbina Casas-Méndez

We introduce the Vehicle Routing Problem with Resource-Constrained Pickup and Delivery (VRP-RPD), where vehicles transport finite identical resources to customer locations for autonomous processing before retrieval and redeployment. Unlike…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-27 Manbir Sodhi , Romesh Prasad , Harishjitu Saseendran