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A mean-field game (MFG) seeks the Nash Equilibrium of a game involving a continuum of players, where the Nash Equilibrium corresponds to a fixed point of the best-response mapping. However, simple fixed-point iterations do not always…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-15 Jiajia Yu , Xiuyuan Cheng , Jian-Guo Liu , Hongkai Zhao

Imitating successful behavior is a natural and frequently applied approach to trust in when facing scenarios for which we have little or no experience upon which we can base our decision. In this paper, we consider such behavior in atomic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2008-10-04 Heiner Ackermann , Petra Berenbrink , Simon Fischer , Martin Hoefer

This paper studies the optimistic variant of Fictitious Play for learning in two-player zero-sum games. While it is known that Optimistic FTRL -- a regularized algorithm with a bounded stepsize parameter -- obtains constant regret in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 John Lazarsfeld , Georgios Piliouras , Ryann Sim , Stratis Skoulakis

We study the long-term behavior of the fictitious play process in repeated extensive-form games of imperfect information with perfect recall. Each player maintains incorrect beliefs that the moves at all information sets, except the one at…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Jason Castiglione , Gürdal Arslan

An iterative finite difference scheme for mean field games (MFGs) is proposed. The target MFGs are derived from control problems for multidimensional systems with advection terms. For such MFGs, linearization using the Cole-Hopf…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-26 Daisuke Inoue , Yuji Ito , Takahito Kashiwabara , Norikazu Saito , Hiroaki Yoshida

A multi-agent system operates in an uncertain environment about which agents have different and time varying beliefs that, as time progresses, converge to a common belief. A global utility function that depends on the realized state of the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-08 Ceyhun Eksin , Alejandro Ribeiro

The paper is concerned with distributed learning in large-scale games. The well-known fictitious play (FP) algorithm is addressed, which, despite theoretical convergence results, might be impractical to implement in large-scale settings due…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-17 Brian Swenson , Soummya Kar , Joao Xavier

Fictitious Play (FP) is a simple and natural dynamic for repeated play in zero-sum games. Proposed by Brown in 1949, FP was shown to converge to a Nash Equilibrium by Robinson in 1951, albeit at a slow rate that may depend on the dimension…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Jacob Abernethy , Kevin A. Lai , Andre Wibisono

We study the convergence properties of decentralized fictitious play (DFP) for the class of near-potential games where the incentives of agents are nearly aligned with a potential function. In DFP, agents share information only with their…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-19 Sarper Aydın , Sina Arefizadeh , Ceyhun Eksin

Decentralised optimisation tasks are important components of multi-agent systems. These tasks can be interpreted as n-player potential games: therefore game-theoretic learning algorithms can be used to solve decentralised optimisation…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2013-01-16 Michalis Smyrnakis

Fictitious play with reinforcement learning is a general and effective framework for zero-sum games. However, using the current deep neural network models, the implementation of fictitious play faces crucial challenges. Neural network model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Rong-Jun Qin , Jing-Cheng Pang , Yang Yu

We introduce a simple extensive-form algorithm for finding equilibria of two-player, zero-sum games. The algorithm is realization equivalent to a generalized form of Fictitious Play. We compare its performance to that of a similar…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Tim P. Schulze

In this paper we relate dynamics associated to zero-sum games (Fictitious play) to Hamiltonian dynamics. It turns out that the Hamiltonian dynamics which is induced from fictitious play, has properties which are rather different from those…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2010-10-15 S van Strien

We propose a reinforcement learning algorithm for stationary mean-field games, where the goal is to learn a pair of mean-field state and stationary policy that constitutes the Nash equilibrium. When viewing the mean-field state and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Qiaomin Xie , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Andreea Minca

In this paper, a Nash-type fictitious game framework is introduced to handle a time-inconsistent linear-quadratic optimal control. The Nash-type game in this framework is called fictitious as it is between the decision maker (called real…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-04 Yuan-Hua Ni , Binbin Si , Xinzhen Zhang

We investigate convergence of decentralized fictitious play (DFP) in near-potential games, wherein agents preferences can almost be captured by a potential function. In DFP agents keep local estimates of other agents' empirical frequencies,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Sarper Aydin , Sina Arefizadeh , Ceyhun Eksin

We consider a class of Mean Field Games in which the agents may interact through the statistical distribution of their states and controls. It is supposed that the Hamiltonian behaves like a power of its arguments as they tend to infinity,…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2020-06-24 Z Kobeissi

We study discounted infinitely repeated games in which players agree on a cooperative mixed action profile but, at each step, observe only the realized pure actions. This form of imperfect monitoring breaks classical trigger strategies,…

Applications · Statistics 2026-03-09 Aymeric Capitaine , Antoine Scheid , Etienne Boursier , Alain Durmus , Michael I. Jordan

We present a novel variant of fictitious play dynamics combining classical fictitious play with Q-learning for stochastic games and analyze its convergence properties in two-player zero-sum stochastic games. Our dynamics involves players…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Muhammed O. Sayin , Francesca Parise , Asuman Ozdaglar

We study two-player security games which can be viewed as sequences of nonzero-sum matrix games played by an Attacker and a Defender. The evolution of the game is based on a stochastic fictitious play process, where players do not have…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Kien C. Nguyen , Tansu Alpcan , Tamer Başar