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Neural networks are commonly regarded as black boxes performing incomprehensible functions. For classification problems networks provide maps from high dimensional feature space to K-dimensional image space. Images of training vector are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-26 Wlodzislaw Duch

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been shown to outperform traditional machine learning algorithms in a broad variety of application domains due to their effectiveness in modeling complex problems and handling high-dimensional datasets. Many…

Machine learning models are becoming increasingly popular in different types of settings. This is mainly caused by their ability to achieve a level of predictive performance that is hard to match by human experts in this new era of big…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Luis Torgo , Paulo Azevedo , Ines Areosa

Convolutional Neural Networks have become the norm in image classification. Nevertheless, their difficulty to maintain high accuracy across datasets has become apparent in the past few years. In order to utilize such models in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Aristotelis Ballas , Christos Diou

Studying neural network loss landscapes provides insights into the nature of the underlying optimization problems. Unfortunately, loss landscapes are notoriously difficult to visualize in a human-comprehensible fashion. One common way to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Tiffany Vlaar , Jonathan Frankle

Analyzing the similarity of internal representations has been an important technique for understanding the behavior of deep neural networks. Most existing methods for analyzing the similarity between representations of high dimensions, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jiachen Jiang , Jinxin Zhou , Zhihui Zhu

With the rise of large-scale foundation models, efficiently adapting them to downstream tasks remains a central challenge. Linear probing, which freezes the backbone and trains a lightweight head, is computationally efficient but often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Laure Ciernik , Marco Morik , Lukas Thede , Luca Eyring , Shinichi Nakajima , Zeynep Akata , Lukas Muttenthaler

Neural networks are among the most accurate supervised learning methods in use today, but their opacity makes them difficult to trust in critical applications, especially when conditions in training differ from those in test. Recent work on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Andrew Slavin Ross , Michael C. Hughes , Finale Doshi-Velez

Deep Learning is a state-of-the-art technique to make inference on extensive or complex data. As a black box model due to their multilayer nonlinear structure, Deep Neural Networks are often criticized to be non-transparent and their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Vanessa Buhrmester , David Münch , Michael Arens

Neural networks currently dominate the machine learning community and they do so for good reasons. Their accuracy on complex tasks such as image classification is unrivaled at the moment and with recent improvements they are reasonably easy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Sascha Saralajew , Lars Holdijk , Maike Rees , Thomas Villmann

We present an approach to explain the decisions of black box models for image classification. While using the black box to label images, our explanation method exploits the latent feature space learned through an adversarial autoencoder.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Riccardo Guidotti , Anna Monreale , Stan Matwin , Dino Pedreschi

Note: This paper describes an older version of DeepLIFT. See https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.02685 for the newer version. Original abstract follows: The purported "black box" nature of neural networks is a barrier to adoption in applications…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-12 Avanti Shrikumar , Peyton Greenside , Anna Shcherbina , Anshul Kundaje

The number of publicly available models is rapidly increasing, yet most remain undocumented. Users looking for suitable models for their tasks must first determine what each model does. Training machine learning models to infer missing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Eliahu Horwitz , Bar Cavia , Jonathan Kahana , Yedid Hoshen

Independently trained machine learning models tend to learn similar features. Given an ensemble of independently trained models, this results in correlated predictions and common failure modes. Previous attempts focusing on decorrelation of…

Neural classifiers are non linear systems providing decisions on the classes of patterns, for a given problem they have learned. The output computed by a classifier for each pattern constitutes an approximation of the output of some unknown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Stavros P. Adam , Aristidis C. Likas

Weight space learning aims to extract information about a neural network, such as its training dataset or generalization error. Recent approaches learn directly from model weights, but this presents many challenges as weights are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jonathan Kahana , Eliahu Horwitz , Imri Shuval , Yedid Hoshen

Language models are increasingly used not only as standalone predictors but also as components in larger inference systems, from test-time reasoning to multi-model collaboration. We study language model networks, where pre-trained language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shiguang Wu , Yaqing Wang , Quanming Yao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on complex reasoning tasks, yet little is known about their ability to internally evaluate problem difficulty, which is an essential capability for adaptive reasoning and efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sunbowen Lee , Qingyu Yin , Chak Tou Leong , Jialiang Zhang , Yicheng Gong , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang , Xiaoyu Shen

Probes are small networks that predict properties of underlying data from embeddings, and they provide a targeted, effective way to illuminate the information contained in embeddings. While analysis through the use of probes has become…

Properties such as composability and automatic differentiation made artificial neural networks a pervasive tool in applications. Tackling more challenging problems caused neural networks to progressively become more complex and thus…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-07 Mattia G. Bergomi , Pietro Vertechi