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We study the necessary and sufficient complexity of ReLU neural networks---in terms of depth and number of weights---which is required for approximating classifier functions in $L^2$. As a model class, we consider the set $\mathcal{E}^\beta…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2018-05-23 Philipp Petersen , Felix Voigtlaender

We study neural networks with trainable low-degree rational activation functions and show that they are more expressive and parameter-efficient than modern piecewise-linear and smooth activations such as ELU, LeakyReLU, LogSigmoid, PReLU,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Maosen Tang , Alex Townsend

We discuss the expressive power of neural networks which use the non-smooth ReLU activation function $\varrho(x) = \max\{0,x\}$ by analyzing the approximation theoretic properties of such networks. The existing results mainly fall into two…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-04-10 Felix Voigtlaender , Philipp Petersen

We study the approximation capacity of some variation spaces corresponding to shallow ReLU$^k$ neural networks. It is shown that sufficiently smooth functions are contained in these spaces with finite variation norms. For functions with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-05 Yunfei Yang , Ding-Xuan Zhou

A key challenge in scientific machine learning is solving partial differential equations (PDEs) on complex domains, where the curved geometry complicates the approximation of functions and their derivatives required by differential…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Hanfei Zhou , Lei Shi

We study the approximation properties of shallow neural networks with an activation function which is a power of the rectified linear unit. Specifically, we consider the dependence of the approximation rate on the dimension and the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-12-23 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

We discuss approximation of functions using deep neural nets. Given a function $f$ on a $d$-dimensional manifold $\Gamma \subset \mathbb{R}^m$, we construct a sparsely-connected depth-4 neural network and bound its error in approximating…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-04-24 Uri Shaham , Alexander Cloninger , Ronald R. Coifman

Based on the tree architecture, the objective of this paper is to design deep neural networks with two or more hidden layers (called deep nets) for realization of radial functions so as to enable rotational invariance for near-optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Charles K. Chui , Shao-Bo Lin , Ding-Xuan Zhou

We establish the fundamental limits in the approximation of Lipschitz functions by deep ReLU neural networks with finite-precision weights. Specifically, three regimes, namely under-, over-, and proper quantization, in terms of minimax…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-06 Weigutian Ou , Philipp Schenkel , Helmut Bölcskei

This paper concentrates on the approximation power of deep feed-forward neural networks in terms of width and depth. It is proved by construction that ReLU networks with width $\mathcal{O}\big(\max\{d\lfloor N^{1/d}\rfloor,\, N+2\}\big)$…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have garnered significant attention in various fields of science and technology in recent years. Activation functions define how neurons in DNNs process incoming signals for them. They are essential for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Jianfei Li , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou

We study approximation and statistical learning properties of deep ReLU networks under structural assumptions that mitigate the curse of dimensionality. We prove minimax-optimal uniform approximation rates for $s$-H\"older smooth functions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Thomas Nagler , Sophie Langer

While it is well-known that neural networks enjoy excellent approximation capabilities, it remains a big challenge to compute such approximations from point samples. Based on tools from Information-based complexity, recent work by Grohs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ahmed Abdeljawad , Philipp Grohs

Lipschitz-constrained neural networks have several advantages over unconstrained ones and can be applied to a variety of problems, making them a topic of attention in the deep learning community. Unfortunately, it has been shown both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Stanislas Ducotterd , Alexis Goujon , Pakshal Bohra , Dimitris Perdios , Sebastian Neumayer , Michael Unser

In this work, we consider the approximation of a large class of bounded functions, with minimal regularity assumptions, by ReLU neural networks. We show that the approximation error can be bounded from above by a quantity proportional to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-27 Owen Davis , Gianluca Geraci , Mohammad Motamed

This survey provides an in-depth and explanatory review of the approximation properties of deep neural networks, with a focus on feed-forward and residual architectures. The primary objective is to examine how effectively neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Owen Davis , Mohammad Motamed

This paper proves an abstract theorem addressing in a unified manner two important problems in function approximation: avoiding curse of dimensionality and estimating the degree of approximation for out-of-sample extension in manifold…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Hrushikesh N. Mhaskar

We examine the necessary and sufficient complexity of neural networks to approximate functions from different smoothness spaces under the restriction of encodable network weights. Based on an entropy argument, we start by proving lower…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-09-21 Ingo Gühring , Mones Raslan

This paper explores the expressive power of deep neural networks for a diverse range of activation functions. An activation function set $\mathscr{A}$ is defined to encompass the majority of commonly used activation functions, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Shijun Zhang , Jianfeng Lu , Hongkai Zhao

Neural networks are regularly employed in adaptive control of nonlinear systems and related methods of reinforcement learning. A common architecture uses a neural network with a single hidden layer (i.e. a shallow network), in which the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-18 Andrew Lamperski , Tyler Lekang