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Control systems operating in the real world face countless sources of unpredictable uncertainties. These random disturbances can render deterministic guarantees inapplicable and cause catastrophic safety failures. To overcome this, this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-10 Pol Mestres , Blake Werner , Ryan K. Cosner , Aaron D. Ames

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of multi-area power system with operational constraints, including the regulation capacity of individual control area and the power limits on tie-lines. Both generators and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , Steven H. Low , Changhong Zhao , Shengwei Mei

Large-scale integration of renewables in power systems gives rise to new challenges for keeping synchronization and frequency stability in volatile and uncertain power flow states. To ensure the safety of operation, the system must maintain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Chao Duan , Pratyush Chakraborty , Takashi Nishikawa , Adilson E. Motter

With high penetrations of renewable energy and power electronics converters, less predictable operating conditions and strong uncertainties in under-frequency events pose challenges for emergency frequency control (EFC). On the other hand,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Qianni Cao , Chen Shen

This paper proposes a decentralized and coordinated voltage and frequency (Vf) control framework for islanded microgrids, with full consideration of the limited capacity of distributed energy resources (DERs) and Vf dependent load. First,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-11 Buxin She , Fangxing Li , Hantao Cui , Jinning Wang , Liang Min , Oroghene Oboreh Snapps , Rui Bo

One of the most important challenges facing an electric grid is to incorporate renewables and distributed energy resources (DERs) to the grid. Because of the associated uncertainties in power generations and peak power demands,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-04-15 Mayank Baranwal , Srinivasa M. Salapaka

Because energy storage systems have better ramping characteristics than traditional generators, their participation in frequency regulation should facilitate the balancing of load and generation. However, they cannot sustain their output…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-20 Bolun Xu , Yury Dvorkin , Daniel S. Kirschen , C. A. Silva-Monroy , Jean-Paul Watson

The rapid growth of large data center loads and inverter-based generation is increasing the stress on transmission networks, while expanding grid capacity at the required pace remains challenging. Power flow controllers (PFCs) that adjust…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-20 Eric Haag , Yuhao Chen , Giri Venkataramanan , Manish K. Singh

The reduced inertia in power system introduces more operation risks and challenges to frequency regulation. The existing virtual inertia and frequency support control are restricted by the normally non-dispatchable energy resources behind…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-30 Chu Sun , Syed Qaseem Ali , Geza Joos

Distributed consensus-based controllers for optimal secondary frequency regulation of microgrids and power systems have received substantial attention in recent years. This paper provides a Lyapunov-based proof that, under a time-scale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-11 John W. Simpson-Porco

Integration of Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) which lack the intrinsic characteristics such as the inertial response of the traditional synchronous-generator (SG) based sources presents a new challenge in the form of analyzing the grid…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Satish Vedula , Ayobami Olajube , Olugbenga Anubi

We consider the problem of using district heating systems as ancillary services for primary frequency control in power networks. We propose a novel power sharing scheme for heating systems based on the average temperature, which enables an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-07 Xin Qin , Ioannis Lestas

As power systems transit to a state of high renewable penetration, little or no presence of synchronous generators makes the prerequisite of well-regulated frequency for grid-following inverters unrealistic. Thus, there is a trend to resort…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-16 Yan Jiang , Andrey Bernstein , Petr Vorobev , Enrique Mallada

This paper introduces a control strategy to simultaneously achieve asymptotic stabilization and transient frequency regulation of power networks. The control command is generated by iteratively solving an open-loop control cost minimization…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-13 Yifu Zhang , Jorge Cortes

The rapid expansion of data center infrastructure is reshaping power system dynamics by significantly increasing electricity demand while also offering potential for fast and controllable flexibility. To ensure reliable operation under such…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Pengyu Ren , Wei Sun , Yifan Wang , Gareth Harrison

The energy transition towards an increased supply of renewable energy raises concerns that existing electricity grids, built to connect few centralized large power plants with consumers, may become more difficult to control and stabilized…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2016-12-23 S. Kettemann

Due to the fluctuating nature of the wind and the increasing use of wind energy as a power source, wind power will have an increasing negative influence on the stability of the power grid. In this paper, a model predictive control strategy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 Valentijn van de Scheur , Sjoerd Boersma

Low-carbon societies will need to store vast amounts of electricity to balance intermittent generation from wind and solar energy, for example, through frequency regulation. Here, we derive an analytical solution to the decision-making…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-27 Dirk Lauinger , François Vuille , Daniel Kuhn

We consider the problem of distributed secondary frequency regulation in power networks such that stability and an optimal power allocation are attained. This is a problem that has been widely studied in the literature, and two main control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-12 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas

The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources presents significant challenges to maintaining power balance and nominal frequency in modern power systems. This paper studies grid-level coordinated control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Xiaoyang Wang , Xin Chen
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