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The quantum computing devices of today have tens to hundreds of qubits that are highly susceptible to noise due to unwanted interactions with their environment. The theory of quantum error correction provides a scheme by which the effects…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-02 Akshaya Jayashankar , Prabha Mandayam

Large-scale quantum computation will only be achieved if experimentally implementable quantum error correction procedures are devised that can tolerate experimentally achievable error rates. We describe a quantum error correction procedure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-22 David S. Wang , Austin G. Fowler , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

We give a short introduction to operator quantum error correction. This is a new protocol for error correction in quantum computing that has brought the fundamental methods under a single umbrella, and has opened up new possibilities for…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2007-05-23 David W. Kribs

In the present paper we initiate the study of the product higher rank numerical range. The latter, being a variant of the higher rank numerical range [M.--D. Choi {\it et al.}, Rep. Math. Phys. {\bf 58}, 77 (2006); Lin. Alg. Appl. {\bf…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-11 Maciej Demianowicz , Paweł Horodecki , Karol Życzkowski

Quantum error correction is capable of digitizing quantum noise and increasing the robustness of qubits. Typically, error correction is designed with the target of eliminating all errors - making an error so unlikely it can be assumed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Salonik Resch , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

Quantum error correction is widely believed to be essential for large-scale quantum computation, but the required qubit overhead remains a central challenge. Quantum low-density parity-check codes can substantially reduce this overhead…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Chen Zhao , Casey Duckering , Andi Gu , Nishad Maskara , Hengyun Zhou

Noise is the greatest obstacle in quantum metrology that limits it achievable precision and sensitivity. There are many techniques to mitigate the effect of noise, but this can never be done completely. One commonly proposed technique is to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-27 Nathan Shettell , William J. Munro , Damian Markham , Kae Nemoto

Quantum synchronizable codes are quantum error-correcting codes that can correct the effects of quantum noise as well as block synchronization errors. We improve the previously known general framework for designing quantum synchronizable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-19 Yuichiro Fujiwara , Vladimir D. Tonchev , Tony W. H. Wong

A group theoretic framework is introduced that simplifies the description of known quantum error-correcting codes and greatly facilitates the construction of new examples. Codes are given which map 3 qubits to 8 qubits correcting 1 error, 4…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-23 A. R. Calderbank , E. M Rains , P. W. Shor , N. J. A. Sloane

We give an introduction to the theory of quantum error correction using stabilizer codes that is geared towards the working computer scientists and mathematicians with an interest in exploring this area. To this end, we begin with an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Zachary P. Bradshaw , Jeffrey J. Dale , Ethan N. Evans

We present a unified approach to quantum error correction, called operator quantum error correction. This scheme relies on a generalized notion of noiseless subsystems that is not restricted to the commutant of the interaction algebra. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 David Kribs , Raymond Laflamme , David Poulin

Quantum error correction protocols will play a central role in the realisation of quantum computing; the choice of error correction code will influence the full quantum computing stack, from the layout of qubits at the physical level to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-14 Joschka Roffe

Proposals for quantum computing devices are many and varied. They each have unique noise processes that make none of them fully reliable at this time. There are several error correction/avoidance techniques which are valuable for reducing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Mark S. Byrd , Daniel A. Lidar

We introduce and initiate the study of a family of higher rank matricial ranges, taking motivation from hybrid classical and quantum error correction coding theory and its operator algebra framework. In particular, for a noisy quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-02 David W. Kribs , Ningping Cao , Chi-Kwong Li , Yiu-Tung Poon , Bei Zeng , Mike Nelson

Concatenating quantum error correction codes scales error correction capability by driving logical error rates down double-exponentially across levels. However, the noise structure shifts under concatenation, making it hard to choose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Nico Meyer , Christopher Mutschler , Dominik Seuß , Andreas Maier , Daniel D. Scherer

Quantum error correcting codes enable the information contained in a quantum state to be protected from decoherence due to external perturbations. Applied to NMR, quantum coding does not alter normal relaxation, but rather converts the…

The constituent parts of a quantum computer are inherently vulnerable to errors. To this end we have developed quantum error-correcting codes to protect quantum information from noise. However, discovering codes that are capable of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Benjamin J. Brown , Naomi H. Nickerson , Dan E. Browne

Quantum states are very delicate, so it is likely some sort of quantum error correction will be necessary to build reliable quantum computers. The theory of quantum error-correcting codes has some close ties to and some striking differences…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-17 Daniel Gottesman

Quantum error-correction routines are developed for continuous quantum variables such as position and momentum. The result of such analog quantum error correction is the construction of composite continuous quantum variables that are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Seth Lloyd , Jean-Jacques E. Slotine

Noise poses a challenge for any real-world implementation in quantum information science. The theory of quantum error correction deals with this problem via methods to encode and recover quantum information in a way that is resilient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-10 Kurt M. Schreiter , Aron Pasieka , Rainer Kaltenbaek , Kevin J. Resch , David W. Kribs