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Under unitary time evolution, expectation values of physically reasonable observables often evolve towards the predictions of equilibrium statistical mechanics. The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) states that this is also true…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-04-19 Fabio Anza , Christian Gogolin , Marcus Huber

The validity of the ergodic hypothesis in quantum systems can be rephrased in the form of the eigenstate thermalisation hypothesis (ETH), a set of statistical properties for the matrix elements of local observables in energy eigenstates,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-10-16 Miha Srdinšek , Tomaž Prosen , Spyros Sotiriadis

Understanding the evolution towards thermal equilibrium of an isolated quantum system is at the foundation of statistical mechanics and a subject of interest in such diverse areas as cold atom physics or the quantum mechanics of black…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-03-13 Sergei Khlebnikov , Martin Kruczenski

If we prepare an isolated, interacting quantum system in an eigenstate and perturb a local observable at an initial time, its expectation value will relax towards a thermal expectation value, even though the time evolution of the system is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Tobias Helbig , Tobias Hofmann , Ronny Thomale , Martin Greiter

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) provides a powerful framework for understanding thermalization in isolated quantum many-body systems, yet a complete and conceptually transparent derivation has remained elusive. In this work,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-23 Yucheng Wang

Understanding how an isolated quantum system evolves toward a thermal state from an initial state far from equilibrium such as one prepared by a global quantum quench has attracted significant interest in recent years. This phenomenon can…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-01-23 Mohsen Alishahiha , Mohammad Javad Vasli

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) explains how generic quantum many-body systems thermalize internally. It implies that local operators' time-averaged expectation values approximately equal their thermal expectation values,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-12 Aleksander Lasek , Jae Dong Noh , Jade LeSchack , Nicole Yunger Halpern

It is commonly believed that quantum isolated systems satisfying the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) are diffusive. We show that this assumption is too restrictive, since there are systems that are asymptotically in a thermal…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-10-25 David J. Luitz , Yevgeny Bar Lev

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) explains emergence of the thermodynamic equilibrium by assuming a particular structure of observable's matrix elements in the energy eigenbasis. Schematically, it postulates that off-diagonal…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-05-11 Jiaozi Wang , Mats H. Lamann , Jonas Richter , Robin Steinigeweg , Anatoly Dymarsky , Jochen Gemmer

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) postulates that the energy eigenstates of an isolated many-body system are thermal, i.e., each of them already yields practically the same expectation values as the microcanonical ensemble at…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-29 Peter Reimann

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) is a successful theory that establishes the criteria for ergodicity and thermalization in isolated quantum many-body systems. In this work, we investigate the thermalization properties of…

We derive the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) from a random matrix Hamiltonian by extending the model introduced by J. M. Deutsch [Phys. Rev. A 43, 2046 (1991)]. We approximate the coupling between a subsystem and a many-body…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-09-26 Charlie Nation , Diego Porras

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) describes the properties of diagonal and off-diagonal matrix elements of local operators in the eigenenergy basis. In this work, we propose a relation between (i) the singular behaviour of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Luca Capizzi , Jiaozi Wang , Xiansong Xu , Leonardo Mazza , Dario Poletti

Generic rotationally invariant random matrix models satisfy a simple relation: the probability distribution of off-diagonal elements and the one of half the difference between any two diagonal elements coincide. In the spirit of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-01-15 Laura Foini , Jorge Kurchan

We investigate the extent to which the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis~(ETH) is valid or violated in the non-integrable and the integrable spin-$1/2$ XXZ chain. We perform the energy-resolved analysis of the statistical properties of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-02-03 Jae Dong Noh

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) attempts to bridge the gap between quantum mechanical and statistical mechanical descriptions of isolated quantum systems. Here, we define unbiased measures for how well the ETH works in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-05-04 Pavan Hosur , Xiao-Liang Qi

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) provides a sufficient condition for thermalization of isolated quantum systems. While the standard ETH is formulated in the absence of degeneracy, physical systems often possess symmetries that…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-27 Soma Onoda , Osamu Fukushima , Ryusuke Hamazaki , Okuto Morikawa

Despite the unitary evolution of closed quantum systems, long-time expectation of local observables are well described by thermal ensembles, providing the foundation of quantum statistical mechanics. A promising route to understanding this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Yuke Zhang , Pengfei Zhang

We verify that the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) holds universally for locally interacting quantum many-body systems. Introducing random-matrix ensembles with interactions, we numerically obtain a distribution of maximum…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-03-31 Shoki Sugimoto , Ryusuke Hamazaki , Masahito Ueda

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) has been highly influential in explaining thermodynamic behavior of closed quantum systems. As of yet, it is unclear whether and how the ETH applies to non-Hermitian systems. Here, we introduce…