Related papers: Atmospheric Refraction
Solar observations from millimeter to ultraviolet wavelengths show that there is a temperature minimum between photosphere and chromosphere. Analysis based on semi-empirical models locate this point at about 500 km over the photosphere. The…
Recently Wi\'sniewska et al. demonstrated observationally how the acoustic cutoff frequency varies with height in the solar atmosphere including the upper photosphere and the lower and middle chromosphere, and showed that the observational…
Atmospheric structure, represented by backscatter coefficients (BC) recovered from satellite LiDAR attenuated backscatter (ATB), provides a volumetric view of clouds, aerosols, and molecules, playing a critical role in human activities,…
A model is proposed to explain the observed correlation between monthly fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperatures. The model relies on the oceans being in a temperature-dependent equilibrium with the atmosphere. When…
Changes in the atmospheric composition alter the magnitude and partitioning between the downward propagating solar and atmospheric longwave radiative fluxes heating the Earth's surface. These changes are computed by radiative transfer codes…
Several experiments measure the fluorescence light produced by extensive air showers in the atmosphere. This light is converted into a longitudinal shower profile from which information on the primary energy and composition is derived. The…
A phenomenon analogous to the conical refraction well-known in the crystalooptics and crystaloacoustics is considered for the magnetohydrodynamical waves in a collisionless plasma with anisotropic thermal pressure. Imposing the most general…
Both global, intermediate and local scales of Climate Change have been studied extensively, but a unified diagnostic framework for examining all spatial scales concurrently has remained elusive. Here we present a new tool-set using…
Exoplanetary atmospheric retrieval refers to the inference of atmospheric properties of an exoplanet given an observed spectrum. The atmospheric properties include the chemical compositions, temperature profiles, clouds/hazes, and energy…
We find that clouds of optically-thin, pressure-confined gas are prone to fragmentation as they cool below $\sim10^6$ K. This fragmentation follows the lengthscale $\sim{c}_{\text{s}}\,t_{\text{cool}}$, ultimately reaching very small scales…
Noctilucent or polar mesospheric clouds have become visually brighter and occurred more frequently during the recent years and decades. The study of possible reasons and relations with climate changes requires data on long-time trends of…
We describe here a new algorithm to model the water contents of the atmosphere from GNSS slant wet delays relative to a single receiver. We first make the assumption that the water vapor contents are mainly governed by a scale height…
The simple 3-D radiative transfer model in the atmosphere of the Earth is built for numerical comparison of direct solar radiation and limb scattering background at the definite layer during the deep twilight period at the middle and upper…
Earth's atmosphere operates a steam cycle in which water vapor evaporates from the surface, expands, condenses, and returns as precipitation. The Clausius-Clapeyron law relates the incremental expansion work of saturated water vapor to…
The reconstruction of the energy and the depth of maximum $X_{\rm max}$ of an extensive air shower depends on the multiple scattering of fluorescence photons in the atmosphere. In this work, we explain how atmospheric aerosols, and…
The theory of remote sensing shows that observing a planet at multiple phase angles ($\alpha$) is a powerful strategy to characterize its atmosphere. Here, we analyse how the information contained in reflected-starlight spectra of…
High precision cosmology with weak gravitational lensing requires a precise measure of the Point Spread Function across the imaging data where the accuracy to which high spatial frequency variation can be modelled is limited by the stellar…
The laser flash method for measuring thermal diffusivity of solids involves subjecting the front face of a small sample to a heat pulse of radiant energy and recording the resulting temperature rise on the opposite (rear) surface. For the…
The attenuation of atmospheric Cherenkov photons is dominated by two processes: Rayleigh scattering from the molecular component and Mie scattering from the aerosol component. Aerosols are expected to contribute up to 30 Wm$^{-2}$ to the…
Temperature time traces are obtained in turbulent thermal convection at high Rayleigh numbers. Measurements are made in the midplane of the apparatus, near the sidewall but outside the boundary layer. A telegraph approximation for…