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When data is plentiful, the loss achieved by well-trained neural networks scales as a power-law $L \propto N^{-\alpha}$ in the number of network parameters $N$. This empirical scaling law holds for a wide variety of data modalities, and may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Utkarsh Sharma , Jared Kaplan

We study three fundamental statistical-learning problems: distribution estimation, property estimation, and property testing. We establish the profile maximum likelihood (PML) estimator as the first unified sample-optimal approach to a wide…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-07-12 Yi Hao , Alon Orlitsky

Over the last decades, impressive progresses have been made in many experimental domains, e.g. microscopic techniques such as single-particle tracking, leading to plethoric amounts of data. In a large variety of systems, from natural to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-06-03 Xavier Durang , Hyerim Ahn , Jae Youn Shim , Hye Yoon Park , Jae-Hyung Jeon

Power laws pervade statistical physics and complex systems, but, traditionally, researchers in these fields have paid little attention to properly fit these distributions. Who has not seen (or even shown) a log-log plot of a completely…

Applications · Statistics 2012-09-07 Alvaro Corral , Anna Deluca , Ramon Ferrer-i-Cancho

Loss tomography has received considerable attention in recent years and a number of estimators have been proposed. Although most of the estimators claim to be the maximum likelihood estimators, the claim is only partially true since the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2011-07-21 Weiping Zhu

This paper proposes a closed-form optimal estimator based on the theory of estimating functions for a class of linear ARCH models. The estimating function (EF) estimator has the advantage over the widely used maximum likelihood (ML) and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-12-05 Ajay Chandra

In this paper, we study sample size thresholds for maximum likelihood estimation for tensor normal models. Given the model parameters and the number of samples, we determine whether, almost surely, (1) the likelihood function is bounded…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-02-09 Harm Derksen , Visu Makam , Michael Walter

When analyzing incomplete data, is it better to use multiple imputation (MI) or full information maximum likelihood (ML)? In large samples ML is clearly better, but in small samples ML's usefulness has been limited because ML commonly uses…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-24 Paul T. von Hippel

We consider the problem of hypothesis testing for discrete distributions. In the standard model, where we have sample access to an underlying distribution $p$, extensive research has established optimal bounds for uniformity testing,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Maryam Aliakbarpour , Piotr Indyk , Ronitt Rubinfeld , Sandeep Silwal

This article describes a methodology for fitting experimental data to the discrete power-law distribution and provides the results of a detailed simulation exercise used to calculate accurate cutoff values used to assess the fit to a…

Computation · Statistics 2013-05-30 Efstratios Rappos , Stephan Robert

We propose an approach to estimate the number of samples required for a model to reach a target performance. We find that the power law, the de facto principle to estimate model performance, leads to large error when using a small dataset…

The association between a continuous and an ordinal variable is commonly modeled through the polyserial correlation model. However, this model, which is based on a partially-latent normality assumption, may be misspecified in practice, due…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-11 Max Welz

Natural language data follows a power-law distribution, with most knowledge and skills appearing at very low frequency. While a common intuition suggests that reweighting or curating data towards a uniform distribution may help models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zixuan Wang , Xingyu Dang , Jason D. Lee , Kaifeng Lyu

Over the last few decades power law distributions have been suggested as forming generative mechanisms in a variety of disparate fields, such as, astrophysics, criminology and database curation. However, fitting these heavy tailed…

Computation · Statistics 2014-08-26 Colin S. Gillespie

We explain theoretically a curious empirical phenomenon: "Approximating a matrix by deterministically selecting a subset of its columns with the corresponding largest leverage scores results in a good low-rank matrix surrogate". To obtain…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-06-04 Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Christos Boutsidis

We study the optimal sample complexity in large-scale Reinforcement Learning (RL) problems with policy space generalization, i.e. the agent has a prior knowledge that the optimal policy lies in a known policy space. Existing results show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Wenlong Mou , Zheng Wen , Xi Chen

Data-driven most powerful tests are statistical hypothesis decision-making tools that deliver the greatest power against a fixed null hypothesis among all corresponding data-based tests of a given size. When the underlying data…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-03-15 Albert Vexler , Alan D. Hutson

Power-law distributions occur in wide variety of physical, biological, and social phenomena. In this paper, we propose a statistical hypothesis test based on the log-likelihood ratio to assess whether two samples of discrete data are drawn…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-03-03 Alessandro Bessi

Consider a setting with $N$ independent individuals, each with an unknown parameter, $p_i \in [0, 1]$ drawn from some unknown distribution $P^\star$. After observing the outcomes of $t$ independent Bernoulli trials, i.e., $X_i \sim…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-02-13 Ramya Korlakai Vinayak , Weihao Kong , Gregory Valiant , Sham M. Kakade

Downsampling or under-sampling is a technique that is utilized in the context of large and highly imbalanced classification models. We study optimal downsampling for imbalanced classification using generalized linear models (GLMs). We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-20 Yan Chen , Jose Blanchet , Krzysztof Dembczynski , Laura Fee Nern , Aaron Flores