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We review the Mpemba effect, where intially hot water freezes faster than initially cold water. While the effect appears impossible at first sight, it has been seen in numerous experiments, was reported on by Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2011-11-10 Monwhea Jeng

The Mpemba effect originally referred to the observation that, under certain thermalizing dynamics, initially hotter samples can cool faster than colder ones. This effect has since been generalized to other anomalous relaxation behaviors…

Mpemba effect refers to the counterintuitive result that, when quenched to a low temperature, a system at higher temperature may equilibrate faster than one at intermediate temperatures. This effect has recently been demonstrated in driven…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-07-27 Apurba Biswas , V . V. Prasad , O. Raz , R. Rajesh

We investigate the quantum Mpemba effect from the perspective of non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics by studying relaxation dynamics of quantum systems coupled to a Markovian heat bath, which are described by Davies maps. Starting from a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-08 Mattia Moroder , Oisín Culhane , Krissia Zawadzki , John Goold

In a recent paper in Scientific Reports, Burridge \& Linden misinterpret the Mpemba effect as a statement about the rate of cooling of liquid water, when it is in fact a statement about the rate of freezing of water. Debunking an obviously…

Popular Physics · Physics 2017-01-30 J. I. Katz

When a hot system cools down faster than an equivalent cold one, it exhibits the Mpemba Effect. This counterintuitive phenomenon was observed in several systems including water, magnetic alloys and polymers. In most experiments the system…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-07-07 Gianluca Teza , Ran Yaacoby , Oren Raz

Anomalous thermal relaxation is ubiquitous in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. An emblematic example of this is the Mpemba effect, where an initially ``hot'' system cools faster than an initially ``cooler'' one. This effect has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-04 Ivan Medina , Oisín Culhane , Felix C. Binder , Gabriel T. Landi , John Goold

Since it's rediscovery in the twentieth century, the Mpemba effect, where a far-from-equilibrium state may relax faster than a state closer to equilibrium, has been extensively studied in classical systems and has recently received…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 David J. Strachan , Archak Purkayastha , Stephen R. Clark

We look into the Mpemba effect---the initially hotter sample cools sooner---in a molecular gas with nonlinear viscous drag. Specifically, the gas particles interact among them via elastic collisions and also with a background fluid at…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-07-24 Andrés Santos , Antonio Prados

We explore the role of activity in the occurrence of the Mpemba effect within a system of an active colloid diffusing in a potential landscape devoid of metastable minimum. The Mpemba effect is characterized by a phenomenon where a hotter…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-05-27 Apurba Biswas , R. Rajesh

In classical thermodynamics, the Mpemba effect refers to the counterintuitive observation that hot water can freeze faster than cold water, manifesting as an anomalous crossing of dynamical trajectories. While analogues of this phenomenon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 Zhilong Liu , Zehua Tian , Jieci Wang

Quantum Mpemba effect describes an anomalous phenomenon of accelerated relaxation which is of fundamental interest in the field of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Conventional theories on this phenomenon strongly rely on the Born-Markovian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-23 Ze-Zhou Zhang , Hong-Gang Luo , Wei Wu

We find analytically the complete set of eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with Metropolis dynamics on a complete graph. As an application, we use this information to study a counter-intuitive relaxation phenomenon, called the Mpemba…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2019-02-07 Israel Klich , Marija Vucelja

The Mpemba effect and its inverse can be understood as a result of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In polymers, changes of state are generally non-equilibrium processes. However, the Mpemba effect has been rarely reported in the…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2023-04-28 Jinghua Liu , Jingqing Li , Binyuan Liu , Ian W. Hamley , Shichun Jiang

I suggest that the origin of the Mpemba effect (the freezing of hot water before cold) is freezing-point depression by solutes, either gaseous or solid, whose solubility decreases with increasing temperature so that they are removed when…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2017-01-30 J. I. Katz

In recent years, the quantum Mpemba effect (QME), which occurs when an out-of-equilibrium system reaches equilibrium faster than another that is closer to equilibrium, has attracted significant attention from the scientific community as an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Rodrigo F. Saliba , Raphael C. Drumond

Despite decades of research, the Mpemba Effect challenges scientists, prompting further investigation and refinement of existing hypotheses. This work uses optical tools such as thermography to analyze and study the Mpemba effect on drops.…

Coherence is an inherently quantum property that deeply affects microscopic processes, including thermalization phenomena. A striking example is the quantum Mpemba effect (QME), in which a system can exhibit anomalous relaxation,…

We study the thermalization dynamics of a quantum system embedded in an incommensurate potential and coupled to a Markovian thermal reservoir. The dephasing induced by the bath drives the system toward an infinite-temperature steady state,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Mingdi Xu , Zijun Wei , Xiang-Ping Jiang , Lei Pan

In this work we suggest a simple theoretical solution of the Mpemba effect in full agreement with known experimental data. This solution follows simply as an especial approximation (linearization) of the usual heat (transfer) equation,…

General Physics · Physics 2012-12-12 Vladan Pankovic , Darko V. Kapor