Related papers: A new observable in extensive air showers
We test the predictions of hadronic interaction models regarding the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles, $X_{max}$, and ground-particle signals in water-Cherenkov detectors at 1000 m from the shower core, $S(1000)$, using the data from…
The muons of cosmic rays air showers in the Extreme Energy Events (EEE) project are detected with three Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) with good tracking capability. These muon telescopes are located in high schools spread all…
An analysis of the differences introduced by the hadronic interaction event generators during the development of the showers is presented. We have generated proton and nuclei induced air showers with energies up to $10^{20.5}$ eV, ``herded…
The shape of the longitudinal development of the showers generated in the atmosphere by very high energy cosmic ray particles encodes information about the mass composition of the flux, and about the properties of hadronic interactions that…
Characteristics of the muon component in EAS are analyzed together with their fluctuations. The aim of this analysis -- a comparison of experimental data with computational results obtained within frameworks of various hadron interaction…
Project GRAND presents results on the atomic composition of primary cosmic rays. This is accomplished by determining the average height of primary particles that cause extensive air showers detected by Project GRAND. Particles with a larger…
We present a new method for probing the hadronic interaction models at ultra-high energy and extracting details about mass composition. This is done using the time profiles of the signals recorded with the water-Cherenkov detectors of the…
The collection of a statistically significant number detected of cosmic rays with energy above $10^{17}$ to $10^{18}$ eV requires widely-spaced particle detectors at the ground level to detect the extensive air showers induced in the…
Several methods can be used to perform statistical inference of primary composition of cosmic rays measured with water Cerenkov detectors as those in use at the Pierre Auger Southern Observatory. In the present work we assess the impact of…
In order to get the primary energy of cosmic rays from their extensive air showers using the fluorescence detection technique, the invisible energy should be added to the measured calorimetric energy. The invisible energy is the energy…
We show that combining the published Pierre Auger Observatory measurements of the longitudinal_and_ lateral properties of UHE atmospheric showers, points to an unforeseen change in the nature of particle interactions at ultrahigh energy. A…
The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of a number of properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. By comparing these measurements to predictions from air shower…
The Heitler-Matthews model for hadronic air showers will be extended to all the generations of electromagnetic subshowers in the hadronic cascade. The analysis is outlined in detail for showers initiated by primary protons. For showers…
Recently, the energy determination of extensive air showers using radio emission has been shown to be both precise and accurate. In particular, radio detection offers the opportunity for an independent measurement of the absolute energy of…
An analytical description of the time structure of the pulses induced by muons in air showers at ground level is deduced assuming the production distance distribution for the muons can be obtained elsewhere. The results of this description…
The paper aims to explore the asymmetry of the muon content of non-vertical and very high energy Monte Carlo showers due to the influence of Earth's geomagnetic field. Simulations have shown that the geomagnetic field modifies the…
For the interpretation of measurements of radio emission from extensive air showers, an important systematic uncertainty arises from natural variations of the atmospheric refractive index $n$. At a given altitude, the refractivity $N=10^6\,…
We present a full model of surface-detector responses to extensive air showers. The model is motivated by the principles of air-shower universality and can be applied to different types of surface detectors. Here we describe a…
We analyse a sample of 33 extensive air showers (EAS) with estimated primary energies above 2\cdot 10^{19} eV and high-quality muon data recorded by the Yakutsk EAS array. We compare, event-by-event, the observed muon density to that…
The ratio of the muon flux density to charged particle flux density at distances of 300 and 600 m from the shower axis ($\rhom(300)/\rhos(300)$ and $\rhom(600)/\rhos(600)$) is measured. In addition, the energy dependence of $\rhom(1000)$ is…