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Importance Sampling (IS) is a widely used variance reduction technique for enhancing the efficiency of Monte Carlo methods, particularly in rare-event simulation and related applications. Despite its effectiveness, the performance of IS is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-11 Liviu Aolaritei , Bart P. G. Van Parys , Henry Lam , Michael I. Jordan

The contribution of this paper is to introduce change of measure based techniques for the rare-event analysis of heavy-tailed stochastic processes. Our changes-of-measure are parameterized by a family of distributions admitting a mixture…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-06-15 Jose Blanchet , Jingchen Liu

We propose a deep importance sampling method that is suitable for estimating rare event probabilities in high-dimensional problems. We approximate the optimal importance distribution in a general importance sampling problem as the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-26 Tiangang Cui , Sergey Dolgov , Robert Scheichl

We introduce Path-ZVA: an efficient simulation technique for estimating the probability of reaching a rare goal state before a regeneration state in a (discrete-time) Markov chain. Standard Monte Carlo simulation techniques do not work well…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-07-02 Daniel Reijsbergen , Pieter-Tjerk de Boer , Werner Scheinhardt , Sandeep Juneja

The problem of optimising functions with intractable gradients frequently arise in machine learning and statistics, ranging from maximum marginal likelihood estimation procedures to fine-tuning of generative models. Stochastic approximation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-30 James Cuin , Davide Carbone , Yanbo Tang , O. Deniz Akyildiz

We propose a Monte Carlo algorithm to sample from high dimensional probability distributions that combines Markov chain Monte Carlo and importance sampling. We provide a careful theoretical analysis, including guarantees on robustness to…

Computation · Statistics 2019-09-18 Giacomo Zanella , Gareth Roberts

The estimation of the probability of rare events is an important task in reliability and risk assessment. We consider failure events that are expressed in terms of a limit-state function, which depends on the solution of a partial…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-06-21 Fabian Wagner , Jonas Latz , Iason Papaioannou , Elisabeth Ullmann

By their very nature, rare event probabilities are expensive to compute; they are also delicate to estimate as their value strongly depends on distributional assumptions on the model parameters. Hence, understanding the sensitivity of the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-28 Michael Merritt , Alen Alexanderian , Pierre Gremaud

We propose and analyze a generalized splitting method to sample approximately from a distribution conditional on the occurrence of a rare event. This has important applications in a variety of contexts in operations research, engineering,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-09-10 Zdravko I. Botev , Pierre L'Ecuyer

Extreme weather events epitomize high cost: to society through their physical impacts, and to computer servers that simulate them to assess risk and advance physical understanding. It costs hundreds of simulation years to sample a few…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Justin Finkel , Paul A. O'Gorman

We introduce a theoretical and practical framework for efficient importance sampling of mini-batch samples for gradient estimation from single and multiple probability distributions. To handle noisy gradients, our framework dynamically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Corentin Salaün , Xingchang Huang , Iliyan Georgiev , Niloy J. Mitra , Gurprit Singh

An importance sampling approach for sampling copula models is introduced. We propose two algorithms that improve Monte Carlo estimators when the functional of interest depends mainly on the behaviour of the underlying random vector when at…

Computation · Statistics 2015-04-08 Philipp Arbenz , Mathieu Cambou , Marius Hofert

Multilevel sampling methods, such as multilevel and multifidelity Monte Carlo, multilevel stochastic collocation, or delayed acceptance Markov chain Monte Carlo, have become standard uncertainty quantification (UQ) tools for a wide class of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-01 Josef Martínek , Erin Carson , Robert Scheichl

Assessing the risk of low-probability high-impact transient instability (TI) events is crucial for ensuring robust and stable power system operation under high uncertainty. However, direct Monte Carlo (DMC) simulation for rare TI event…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-05 Jingyu Liu , Xiaoting Wang , Xiaozhe Wang

Deep neural network training spends most of the computation on examples that are properly handled, and could be ignored. We propose to mitigate this phenomenon with a principled importance sampling scheme that focuses computation on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Angelos Katharopoulos , François Fleuret

Importance sampling is a common technique for Monte Carlo approximation, including Monte Carlo approximation of p-values. Here it is shown that a simple correction of the usual importance sampling p-values creates valid p-values, meaning…

Computation · Statistics 2011-04-12 Matthew T. Harrison

We consider the problem of simulating loss probabilities and conditional excesses for linear asset portfolios under the t-copula model. Although in the literature on market risk management there are papers proposing efficient variance…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2017-08-07 Halis Sak , İsmail Başoğlu

In this article, we address the issues that come up in the design of importance sampling schemes for rare events associated to stochastic dynamical systems. We focus on the issue of metastability and on the effect of multiple scales. We…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-07-28 Konstantinos Spiliopoulos

In High-Energy Physics experiments it is often necessary to evaluate the global statistical significance of apparent resonances observed in invariant mass spectra. One approach to determining significance is to use simulated events to find…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2023-12-29 Kelly J Yi , Leonard G Spiegel , Zhen Hu

The sampling importance resampling method is widely utilized in various fields, such as numerical integration and statistical simulation. In this paper, two modified methods are presented by incorporating two variance reduction techniques…

Computation · Statistics 2024-08-28 Yao Xiao , Kang Fu , Kun Li