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We construct sequencings for many groups that are a semi-direct product of an odd-order abelian group and a cyclic group of odd prime order. It follows from these constructions that there is a group-based complete Latin square of order $n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-12-14 M. A. Ollis , Christopher R. Tripp

We (1) determine the number of Latin rectangles with 11 columns and each possible number of rows, including the Latin squares of order~11, (2) answer some questions of Alter by showing that the number of reduced Latin squares of order $n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-09-14 Brendan D. McKay , Ian M. Wanless

For every positive integer $n$ greater than $4$ there is a set of Latin squares of order $n$ such that every permutation of the numbers $1,\ldots,n$ appears exactly once as a row, a column, a reverse row or a reverse column of one of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Stephan Foldes , András Kaszanyitzky , Laszlo Major

Gy\'{a}rf\'{a}s and S\'{a}rk\"{o}zy conjectured that every $n\times n$ Latin square has a `cycle-free' partial transversal of size $n-2$. We confirm this conjecture in a strong sense for almost all Latin squares, by showing that as $n…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-12 Stephen Gould , Tom Kelly

Suppose that $k$ is a function of $n$ and $n\to\infty$. We show that with probability $1-O(1/n)$, a uniformly random $k\times n$ Latin rectangle contains no proper Latin subsquare of order $4$ or more, proving a conjecture of Divoux, Kelly,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-01 Jack Allsop , Ian M. Wanless

Let $m \leq n \leq k$. An $m \times n \times k$ 0-1 array is a Latin box if it contains exactly $mn$ ones, and has at most one $1$ in each line. As a special case, Latin boxes in which $m = n = k$ are equivalent to Latin squares. Let…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-02-12 Zur Luria , Michael Simkin

In 1782, Euler conjectured that no Latin square of order $n\equiv 2\; \textrm{mod}\; 4$ has a decomposition into transversals. While confirmed for $n=6$ by Tarry in 1900, Bose, Parker, and Shrikhande constructed counterexamples in 1960 for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-01-10 Candida Bowtell , Richard Montgomery

A Latin square of order $n$ is an $n\times n$ array which contains $n$ distinct symbols exactly once in each row and column. We define the adjacent distance between two adjacent cells (containing integers) to be their difference modulo $n$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-19 Omar Aceval , Paige Beidelman , Jieqi Di , James Hammer , Mitchel O'Connor , Caitlin Owens , Yewen Sun

A Latin square has six conjugate Latin squares obtained by uniformly permuting its (row, column, symbol) triples. We say that a Latin square has conjugate symmetry if at least two of its six conjugates are equal. We enumerate Latin squares…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-09 Brendan D. McKay , Ian M. Wanless

We prove several results about substructures in Latin squares. First, we explain how to adapt our recent work on high-girth Steiner triple systems to the setting of Latin squares, resolving a conjecture of Linial that there exist Latin…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-08-05 Matthew Kwan , Ashwin Sah , Mehtaab Sawhney , Michael Simkin

An arrangement of s elements in s rows and s columns, such that no element repeats more than once in each row and each column is called a Latin square of order s. If two Latin squares of the same order superimposed one on the other and in…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-11-09 R. N. Mohan , Moon Ho Lee , Subash Pokreal

The logarithm of the maximum number of transversals over all latin squares of order $n$ is greater than $\frac{n}{6}(\ln n+ O(1))$.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-01 Vladimir N. Potapov

A quantum Latin square of order $n$ (denoted as QLS$(n)$) is an $n\times n$ array whose entries are unit column vectors from the $n$-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_n$, such that each row and column forms an orthonormal basis. Two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Ying Zhang , Xin Wang , Lijun Ji

Two $n \times n$ Latin squares $L_1, L_2$ are said to be orthogonal if, for every ordered pair $(x,y)$ of symbols, there are coordinates $(i,j)$ such that $L_1(i,j) = x$ and $L_2(i,j) = y$. A $k$-MOLS is a sequence of $k$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-08 Simona Boyadzhiyska , Shagnik Das , Tibor Szabó

We prove that for all n>1 every latin n-dimensional cube of order 5 has transversals. We find all 123 paratopy classes of layer-latin cubes of order 5 with no transversals. For each $n\geq 3$ and $q\geq 3$ we construct a (2q-2)-layer latin…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-01 A. L. Perezhogin , V. N. Potapov , S. Yu. Vladimirov

Two latin squares are orthogonal if, when they are superimposed, every ordered pair of symbols appears exactly once. This definition extends naturally to `incomplete' latin squares each having a hole on the same rows, columns, and symbols.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-10-27 Peter J. Dukes , Christopher M. van Bommel

We are seeking a sufficient condition that forces a transversal in a generalized Latin square. A generalized Latin square of order $n$ is equivalent to a proper edge-coloring of $K_{n,n}$. A transversal corresponds to a multicolored perfect…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-01-31 János Barát , Zoltán Lóránt Nagy

A Latin square of side n defines in a natural way a finite geometry on 3n points, with three lines of size n and n^2 lines of size 3. A Latin square of side n with a transversal similarly defines a finite geometry on 3n+1 points, with three…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-26 Lou M. Pretorius , Konrad J. Swanepoel

A quantum Latin square of order $n$ (denoted as QLS$(n)$) is an $n\times n$ array whose entries are unit column vectors from the $n$-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_n$, such that each row and column forms an orthonormal basis. Two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Ying Zhang , Lijun Ji

Every Latin square has three attributes that can be even or odd, but any two of these attributes determines the third. Hence the parity of a Latin square has an information content of 2 bits. We extend the definition of parity from Latin…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-01-10 Nevena Francetić , Sarada Herke , Ian M. Wanless