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What is information? Is it physical? We argue that in a Bayesian theory the notion of information must be defined in terms of its effects on the beliefs of rational agents. Information is whatever constrains rational beliefs and therefore…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2016-09-08 Ariel Caticha

Primal logic arose in access control; it has a remarkably efficient (linear time) decision procedure for its entailment problem. But primal logic is a general logic of information. In the realm of arbitrary items of information (infons),…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Yuri Gurevich , Andreas Blass

In this paper we construct a theory of quantum mechanics based on Shannon information theory. We define a few principles regarding information-based frames of reference, including explicitly the concept of information covariance, and show…

General Physics · Physics 2011-05-25 Joakim Munkhammar

Many researchers want to unify probability and logic by defining logical probability or probabilistic logic reasonably. This paper tries to unify statistics and logic so that we can use both statistical probability and logical probability…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2020-11-03 Chenguang Lu

In Shannon's seminal paper, entropy of printed English, treated as a stationary stochastic process, was estimated to be roughly 1 bit per character. However, considered as a means of communication, language differs considerably from its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Doron Sivan , Misha Tsodyks

In this article we present and describe a notion of "logical perfection". We extract the notion of "perfection" from the contemporary logical concept of categoricity. Categoricity (in power) has become in the past half century a main driver…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-11-04 John Alexander Cruz Morales , Andrés Villaveces , Boris Zilber

Rough speaking, information theory deals with data transmitted over a channel such as the internet. Modern information theory is generally considered to have been founded in 1948 by Shannon in his seminal paper, "A mathematical theory of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-03-25 HaengJin Choe

We propose modal Markov logic as an extension of propositional Markov logic to reason under the principle of maximum entropy for modal logics K45, KD45, and S5. Analogous to propositional Markov logic, the knowledge base consists of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-10-29 Tivadar Papai , Henry Kautz , Daniel Stefankovic

We take another look at the general problem of selecting a preferred probability measure among those that comply with some given constraints. The dominant role that entropy maximization has obtained in this context is questioned by arguing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Manfred Jaeger

The graphs induced by partition logics allow a dual probabilistic interpretation: a classical one for which probabilities lie on the convex hull of the dispersion-free weights, and another one, suggested independently from the quantum Born…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-22 Karl Svozil

The probabilistic satisfiability of a logical expression is a fundamental concept known as the partition function in statistical physics and field theory, an evaluation of a related graph's Tutte polynomial in mathematics, and the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Stephen Eubank , Madhurima Nath , Yihui Ren , Abhijin Adiga

It is shown that the standard expression for the information entropy, originally due to Shannon, is only valid for a particular set of states. For the general case of statistical mechanics, one needs to include an additional term in the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-09-26 Phil Attard

I discuss the design of the method of entropic inference as a general framework for reasoning under conditions of uncertainty. The main contribution of this discussion is to emphasize the pragmatic elements in the derivation. More…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2014-12-19 Ariel Caticha

A long-running difficulty with conventional game theory has been how to modify it to accommodate the bounded rationality of all real-world players. A recurring issue in statistical physics is how best to approximate joint probability…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 David H. Wolpert

A given question can be defined in terms of the set of statements or assertions that answer it. Application of logical inference to these sets of assertions allows one to derive the logic of inquiry among questions. There are interesting…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2009-11-10 Kevin H. Knuth

Quantum logic has been introduced by Birkhoff and von Neumann as an attempt to base the logical primitives, the propositions and the relations and operations among them, on quantum theoretical entities, and thus on the related empirical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Karl Svozil

I introduce a new approach to semantic information based upon the influence of erasure operations (interventions) upon distributions of a system's future trajectories through its phase space. Semantic (meaningful) information is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-07-11 Stuart J Bartlett

We propose an entropy-based information measure, namely the Discounted Least Information Theory of Entropy (DLITE), which not only exhibits important characteristics expected as an information measure but also satisfies conditions of a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Weimao Ke

Due to the absence of an external, classical time variable, the probabilistic predictions of covariant quantum theory are ambiguous when multiple measurements are considered. Here, we introduce an information theoretic framework to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-09 S. Jay Olson , Jonathan P. Dowling

The (meta)logic underlying classical theory of computation is Boolean (two-valued) logic. Quantum logic was proposed by Birkhoff and von Neumann as a logic of quantum mechanics more than sixty years ago. The major difference between Boolean…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-04-02 Mingsheng Ying