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We trace the history of empirical entropy, touching briefly on its relation to Markov processes, normal numbers, Shannon entropy, the Chomsky hierarchy, Kolmogorov complexity, Ziv-Lempel compression, de Bruijn sequences and stochastic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-08-16 Travis Gagie

We investigate symbolic sequences and in particular information carriers as e.g. books and DNA-strings. First the higher order Shannon entropies are calculated, a characteristic root law is detected. Then the algorithmic entropy is…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Werner Ebeling , Alexander Neiman , Thorsten Poeschel

A practical measure for the complexity of sequences of symbols (``strings'') is introduced that is rooted in automata theory but avoids the problems of Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity. This physical complexity can be estimated for ensembles…

adap-org · Physics 2009-10-28 C. Adami , N. J. Cerf

A fundamental issue in nonlinear dynamics and statistical physics is how to distinguish chaotic from stochastic fluctuations in short experimental recordings. This dilemma underlies many complex systems models from stochastic gene…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2010-04-12 Chi-Sang Poon , Cheng Li , Guo-Qiang Wu

The new estimates of the conditional Shannon entropy are introduced in the framework of the model describing a discrete response variable depending on a vector of d factors having a density w.r.t. the Lebesgue measure in R^d. Namely, the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-04-25 Alexander Bulinski , Alexey Kozhevin

Reliable data-driven estimation of Shannon entropy from small data sets, where the number of examples is potentially smaller than the number of possible outcomes, is a critical matter in several applications. In this paper, we introduce a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Gabriel F. A. Bastos , Jugurta Montalvão

Random sequences attain the highest entropy rate. The estimation of entropy rate for an ergodic source can be done using the Lempel Ziv complexity measure yet, the exact entropy rate value is only reached in the infinite limit. We prove…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2013-11-05 E. Estevez-Rams , R. Lora Serrano , B. Aragón Fernández , I. Brito Reyes

Partial differential equations, and their chaotic solutions, are pervasive in the modelling of complex systems in engineering, science, and beyond. Data-driven methods can find solutions to partial differential equations with a…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2024-10-02 Elise Özalp , Luca Magri

We propose a novel chaos indicator -- time-reversed Shannon entropy (TRSE) -- that leverages the interplay between time-reversal symmetry breaking and information entropy in curved spacetimes. By quantifying statistical discrepancies…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-24 Wenfu Cao , Siyan Chen , Hongsheng Zhang

In present paper we suggest a new universal approach to study complex systems by microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic methods. We discuss new possibilities of extracting information on nonstationarity, unsteadiness and non-Markovity of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Renat M. Yulmetyev , Anatolii V. Mokshin , Peter Hänggi

Entropy measures have become increasingly popular as an evaluation metric for complexity in the analysis of time series data, especially in physiology and medicine. Entropy measures the rate of information gain, or degree of regularity in a…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-12-03 Chee Chun Gan , Gerard Learmonth

In this work, we study the information scrambling and the entanglement dynamics in the complex Brownian Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (cBSYK) models, focusing on their dependence on the charge density $n$. We first derive the effective theory for…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2023-05-15 Pengfei Zhang

Machine learning (ML) is widely used to model chaotic systems. Among ML approaches, echo state networks (ESNs) have received considerable attention due to their simple construction and fast training. However, ESN performance is highly…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2025-07-09 Francesco Martinuzzi

The extraction of spatio-temporal coherence in high-dimensional, chaotic, non-linear dynamical systems, such as turbulent flows, remains a fundamental challenge in physics, mathematics and engineering. In this work, we employ Shannon…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-03-03 Daniele Massaro , Saleh Rezaeiravesh , Philipp Schlatter

Filyokov and Karpov [Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal 13, 624 (1967)] have proposed a theory of non-equilibrium steady states in direct analogy with the theory of equilibrium states : the principle is to maximize the Shannon entropy…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-03-07 Cecile Monthus

Entropy has emerged as a dynamic, interdisciplinary, and widely accepted quantitative measure of uncertainty across different disciplines. A unified understanding of entropy measures, supported by a detailed review of their theoretical…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-03-21 Naveen Kumar , Ambesh Dixit , Vivek Vijay

Complex systems are typically characterized as an intermediate situation between a complete regular structure and a random system. Brain signals can be studied as a striking example of such systems: cortical states can range from highly…

In this article, the dynamics and complexity of a noise induced blood flow system have been investigated. Changes in the dynamics have been recognized by measuring the periodicity over significant parameters. Chaotic as well as non-chaotic…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-01-08 Bo Yan , Sayan Mukherjee , Shaobo He

We advance our approach of analyzing the dynamics of interacting complex systems with the nonlinear dynamics of interacting nonlinear elements. We replace the widely used lattice-like connection topology of cellular neural networks (CNN) by…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-10-10 Henning Dickten , Christian E. Elger , Klaus Lehnertz

In a topological dynamical system the complexity of an orbit is a measure of the amount of information (algorithmic information content) that is necessary to describe the orbit. This indicator is invariant up to topological conjugation. We…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Stefano Galatolo