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Decoder-only language models, such as GPT and LLaMA, generally decode on the last layer. Motivated by human's hierarchical thinking capability, we propose that a hierarchical decoder architecture could be built with different layers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihong Wang , Zhonglin Jiang , Ningyuan Xi , Yue Zhao , Qingqing Gu , Xiyuan Chen , Hao Wu , Sheng Xu , Hange Zhou , Yong Chen , Luo Ji

The exponential growth of data generated on the Internet in the current information age is a driving force for the digital economy. Extraction of information is the major value in an accumulated big data. Big data dependency on statistical…

Hierarchical neural architectures are often used to capture long-distance dependencies and have been applied to many document-level tasks such as summarization, document segmentation, and sentiment analysis. However, effective usage of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-29 Ming-Wei Chang , Kristina Toutanova , Kenton Lee , Jacob Devlin

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to categorize text data based on a structured label hierarchy, resulting in predicted labels forming a sub-hierarchy tree. The semantics of the text should align with the semantics of the labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ashish Kumar , Durga Toshniwal

Hierarchy is one of the most conspicuous features of numerous natural, technological and social systems. The underlying structures are typically complex and their most relevant organizational principle is the ordering of the ties among the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-03-05 Tamás Nepusz , Tamás Vicsek

Assigning a set of labels to a given text is a classification problem with many real-world applications, such as recommender systems. Two separate research streams address this issue. Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Nerijus Bertalis , Paul Granse , Ferhat Gül , Florian Hauss , Leon Menkel , David Schüler , Tom Speier , Lukas Galke , Ansgar Scherp

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a complex subtask under multi-label text classification, characterized by a hierarchical label taxonomy and data imbalance. The best-performing models aim to learn a static representation by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Vidit Jain , Mukund Rungta , Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Zeyu Wang , Mu Gao , Jeffrey Skolnick , Chao Zhang

Large language model (LLM) architectures are often described as functionally hierarchical: Early layers process syntax, middle layers begin to parse semantics, and late layers integrate information. The present work revisits these ideas.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Paul C. Bogdan

To advance the development of science and technology, research proposals are submitted to open-court competitive programs developed by government agencies (e.g., NSF). Proposal classification is one of the most important tasks to achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Meng Xiao , Ziyue Qiao , Yanjie Fu , Yi Du , Pengyang Wang

Text classification has become increasingly challenging due to the continuous refinement of classification label granularity and the expansion of classification label scale. To address that, some research has been applied onto strategies…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Jingpeng Zhao , Yinglong Ma

Many important classification problems in the real-world consist of a large number of closely related categories in a hierarchical structure or taxonomy. Hierarchical multi-label text classification (HMTC) with higher accuracy over large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Pengfei Gao , Jingpeng Zhao , Yinglong Ma , Ahmad Tanvir , Beihong Jin

We address the task of hierarchical multi-label classification (HMC) of scientific documents at an industrial scale, where hundreds of thousands of documents must be classified across thousands of dynamic labels. The rapid growth of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Seyed Amin Tabatabaei , Sarah Fancher , Michael Parsons , Arian Askari

Classification algorithms in machine learning often assume a flat label space. However, most real world data have dependencies between the labels, which can often be captured by using a hierarchy. Utilizing this relation can help develop a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Palash Goyal , Shalini Ghosh

This paper analyses properties of conceptual hierarchy obtained via incremental concept formation method called "flexible prediction" in order to determine what kind of "relevance" of participating attributes may be requested for meaningful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Mieczyslaw A. Klopotek , Andrzej Matuszewski

Hierarchy has widely been recognized as a viable approach to deal with the complexity of conceptual models. For instance, in declarative business process models, hierarchy is realized by sub-processes. While technical implementations of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-11-13 Stefan Zugal , Pnina Soffer , Jakob Pinggera , Barbara Weber

Due to the lack of structured knowledge applied in learning distributed representation of cate- gories, existing work cannot incorporate category hierarchies into entity information. We propose a framework that embeds entities and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-28 Yuezhang Li , Ronghuo Zheng , Tian Tian , Zhiting Hu , Rahul Iyer , Katia Sycara

A common use of machine learning (ML) models is predicting the class of a sample. Object detection is an extension of classification that includes localization of the object via a bounding box within the sample. Classification, and by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Erin Lanus , Daniel Wolodkin , Laura J. Freeman

Most existing methods determine relation types only after all the entities have been recognized, thus the interaction between relation types and entity mentions is not fully modeled. This paper presents a novel paradigm to deal with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-12 Ryuichi Takanobu , Tianyang Zhang , Jiexi Liu , Minlie Huang

Existing neural methods for data-to-text generation are still struggling to produce long and diverse texts: they are insufficient to model input data dynamically during generation, to capture inter-sentence coherence, or to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Zhihong Shao , Minlie Huang , Jiangtao Wen , Wenfei Xu , Xiaoyan Zhu

Information hierarchies are organizational structures that often used to organize and present large and complex information as well as provide a mechanism for effective human navigation. Fortunately, many statistical and computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-01-05 Baoxu Shi , Tim Weninger