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A spherically symmetric spacetime is presented with an initial data set that is asymptotically flat, satisfies the dominant energy condition, and such that on this initial data $M<\sqrt{A/16\pi}$, where M is the total (ADM) mass and A is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Ishai Ben-Dov

We give a holographic argument in favor of the AdS Penrose inequality, which conjectures a lower bound on the total mass in terms of the area of apparent horizons. This inequality is often viewed as a test of cosmic censorship. We further…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-06-19 Netta Engelhardt , Gary T. Horowitz

Penrose's original heuristic for his eponymous spacetime inequality -- a conjectured lower bound on the ADM mass in terms of the area of a horizon cross-section -- relies on the black hole final state conjecture. In this paper we isolate a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-19 Ahmed Ellithy

The conformal flow of metrics [2] has been used to successfully establish a special case of the Penrose inequality, which yields a lower bound for the total mass of a spacetime in terms of horizon area. Here we show how to adapt the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-06-28 Qing Han , Marcus Khuri

In this expository note, I present some basic geometric and twistor theoretic facts about de Sitter space leading up to a discussion of Penrose's quasi-local mass construction for linear gravity theory in the de Sitter background. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-25 Paul Tod

We establish mass lower bounds of Penrose-type in the setting of $3$-dimensional initial data sets for the Einstein equations satisfying the dominant energy condition, which are either asymptotically flat or asymptotically hyperboloidal.…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-04-16 Brian Allen , Edward Bryden , Demetre Kazaras , Marcus Khuri

This article is the sequel to our previous paper [LS] dealing with the near-equality case of the Positive Mass Theorem. We study the near-equality case of the Penrose Inequality for the class of complete asymptotically flat rotationally…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2015-05-30 Dan A. Lee , Christina Sormani

Null shells are a useful geometric construction to study the propagation of infinitesimally thin concentrations of massless particles or impulsive waves. In this paper, we determine and study the necessary and sufficient conditions for the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-08-11 M. Manzano , M. Mars

In this article we show that one can construct initial data for the Einstein equations which satisfy the vacuum constraints. This initial data is defined on a manifold with topology $R^3$ with a regular center and is asymptotically flat.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 R. Beig , N. Ó Murchadha

We study the Penrose inequality and its rigidity for metrics with singular sets. Our result could be viewed as a complement of Theorem 1.1 of Lu and Miao (J. Funct. Anal. 281, 2021) and Theorem 1.2 of Shi, Wang and Yu (Math. Z. 291, 2019),…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Huaiyu Zhang

We prove a version the Penrose inequality for black hole space-times which are perturbations of the Schwarzschild exterior in a slab around a null hypersurface $\underline{\mathcal{N}}_0$. $\underline{\mathcal{N}}_0$ terminates at past null…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-23 Spyros Alexakis

In axially symmetric spacetimes the Penrose inequality can be strengthened to include angular momentum. We prove a version of this inequality for minimal surfaces, more precisely, a lower bound for the ADM mass in terms of the area of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-01-26 Pablo Anglada

Of the various energy conditions which can be assumed when studying mathematical general relativity, intuitively the simplest is the weak energy condition $\mu\geq 0$ which simply states that the observed mass-energy density must be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-14 Jaroslaw S. Jaracz

The positive mass theorem is one of the fundamental results in general relativity. It states that, assuming the dominant energy condition, the total mass of an asymptotically flat spacetime is non-negative. The Penrose inequality provides a…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2018-10-25 Po-Ning Chen

Penrose's quasi-local mass construction is carried through for two-surfaces at infinity in asymptotically anti-de Sitter space-times. A modification of the Witten argument is given to prove a positivity property of the resulting conserved…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-04 Ron Kelly , Paul Tod

A spacetime satisfies the non-timelike boundary version of the Penrose property if the timelike future of any point on $\mathcal{I}^-$ contains the whole of $\mathcal{I}^+$. This property was first discussed for asymptotically flat…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-21 Peter Cameron

We formulate and prove the stability statement associated with the spacetime Penrose inequality for $n$-dimensional spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat initial data satisfying the dominant energy condition. We assume that the ADM…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-29 Emily Schaal

We introduce a generalized version of the Jang equation, designed for the general case of the Penrose Inequality in the setting of an asymptotically flat space-like hypersurface of a spacetime satisfying the dominat energy condition. The…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2014-01-17 Hubert L. Bray , Marcus A. Khuri

Motivated by the fluid/gravity correspondence, we consider the Penrose inequality in the framework of fluid dynamics. In general relativity, the Penrose inequality relates the mass and the entropy associated with a gravitational background.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-03-18 Yaron Oz , Michael Rabinovich

We establish a Penrose-Like Inequality for general (not necessarily time symmetric) initial data sets of the Einstein equations which satisfy the dominant energy condition. More precisely, it is shown that the ADM energy is bounded below by…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2013-10-14 Marcus A. Khuri