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Elliptic flow measurements from two-, four- and six-particle correlations are used to investigate flow fluctuations in collisions of U+U at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$= 193 GeV, Cu+Au at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$= 200 GeV and Au+Au spanning the range…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2022-12-19 STAR Collaboration , M. S. Abdallah , J. Adam , L. Adamczyk , J. R. Adams , J. K. Adkins , G. Agakishiev , I. Aggarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , I. Alekseev , D. M. Anderson , A. Aparin , E. C. Aschenauer , M. U. Ashraf , F. G. Atetalla , A. Attri , G. S. Averichev , V. Bairathi , W. Baker , J. G. Ball Cap , K. Barish , A. Behera , R. Bellwied , P. Bhagat , A. Bhasin , J. Bielcik , J. Bielcikova , I. G. Bordyuzhin , J. D. Brandenburg , A. V. Brandin , I. Bunzarov , J. Butterworth , X. Z. Cai , H. Caines , M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez , D. Cebra , I. Chakaberia , P. Chaloupka , B. K. Chan , F-H. Chang , Z. Chang , N. Chankova-Bunzarova , A. Chatterjee , S. Chattopadhyay , D. Chen , J. Chen , J. H. Chen , X. Chen , Z. Chen , J. Cheng , M. Chevalier , S. Choudhury , W. Christie , X. Chu , H. J. Crawford , M. Csanád , M. Daugherity , T. G. Dedovich , I. M. Deppner , A. A. Derevschikov , A. Dhamija , L. Di Carlo , L. Didenko , P. Dixit , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , E. Duckworth , J. C. Dunlop , N. Elsey , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , A. Ewigleben , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , F. M. Fawzi , S. Fazio , P. Federic , J. Fedorisin , C. J. Feng , Y. Feng , P. Filip , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , A. Francisco , C. Fu , L. Fulek , C. A. Gagliardi , T. Galatyuk , F. Geurts , N. Ghimire , A. Gibson , K. Gopal , X. Gou , D. Grosnick , A. Gupta , W. Guryn , A. I. Hamad , A. Hamed , Y. Han , S. Harabasz , M. D. Harasty , J. W. Harris , H. Harrison , S. He , W. He , X. H. He , Y. He , S. Heppelmann , S. Heppelmann , N. Herrmann , E. Hoffman , L. Holub , Y. Hu , H. Huang , H. Z. Huang , S. L. Huang , T. Huang , X. Huang , Y. Huang , T. J. Humanic , G. Igo , D. Isenhower , W. W. Jacobs , C. Jena , A. Jentsch , Y. Ji , J. Jia , K. Jiang , X. Ju , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , M. L. Kabir , S. Kagamaster , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , H. W. Ke , D. Keane , A. Kechechyan , M. Kelsey , Y. V. Khyzhniak , D. P. Kikoła , C. Kim , B. Kimelman , D. Kincses , I. Kisel , A. Kiselev , A. G. Knospe , L. Kochenda , L. K. Kosarzewski , L. Kramarik , P. Kravtsov , L. Kumar , S. Kumar , R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli , J. H. Kwasizur , R. Lacey , S. Lan , J. M. Landgraf , J. Lauret , A. Lebedev , R. Lednicky , J. H. Lee , Y. H. Leung , C. Li , C. Li , W. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , X. Liang , Y. Liang , R. Licenik , T. Lin , Y. Lin , M. A. Lisa , F. Liu , H. Liu , H. Liu , P. Liu , T. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , Z. Liu , T. Ljubicic , W. J. Llope , R. S. Longacre , E. Loyd , N. S. Lukow , X. F. Luo , L. Ma , R. Ma , Y. G. Ma , N. Magdy , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , C. Markert , H. S. Matis , J. A. Mazer , N. G. Minaev , S. Mioduszewski , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , D. A. Morozov , A. Mukherjee , M. Nagy , J. D. Nam , Md. Nasim , K. Nayak , D. Neff , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , G. Nigmatkulov , T. Niida , R. Nishitani , L. V. Nogach , T. Nonaka , A. S. Nunes , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , S. Oh , V. A. Okorokov , B. S. Page , R. Pak , A. Pandav , A. K. Pandey , Y. Panebratsev , P. Parfenov , B. Pawlik , D. Pawlowska , H. Pei , C. Perkins , L. Pinsky , R. L. Pintér , J. Pluta , B. R. Pokhrel , G. Ponimatkin , J. Porter , M. Posik , V. Prozorova , N. K. Pruthi , M. Przybycien , J. Putschke , H. Qiu , A. Quintero , C. Racz , S. K. Radhakrishnan , N. Raha , R. L. Ray , R. Reed , H. G. Ritter , M. Robotkova , O. V. Rogachevskiy , J. L. Romero , D. Roy , L. Ruan , J. Rusnak , N. R. Sahoo , H. Sako , S. Salur , J. Sandweiss , S. Sato , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , B. R. Schweid , F. Seck , J. Seger , M. Sergeeva , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , E. Shahaliev , P. V. Shanmuganathan , M. Shao , T. Shao , A. I. Sheikh , D. Shen , S. S. Shi , Y. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , E. P. Sichtermann , R. Sikora , M. Simko , J. Singh , S. Singha , M. J. Skoby , N. Smirnov , Y. Söhngen , W. Solyst , P. Sorensen , H. M. Spinka , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , M. Stefaniak , D. J. Stewart , M. Strikhanov , B. Stringfellow , A. A. P. Suaide , M. Sumbera , B. Summa , X. M. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , B. Surrow , D. N. Svirida , Z. W. Sweger , P. Szymanski , A. H. Tang , Z. Tang , A. Taranenko , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , D. Tlusty , T. Todoroki , M. Tokarev , C. A. Tomkiel , S. Trentalange , R. E. Tribble , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , T. Truhlar , B. A. Trzeciak , O. D. Tsai , Z. Tu , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , J. Vanek , A. N. Vasiliev , I. Vassiliev , V. Verkest , F. Videbæk , S. Vokal , S. A. Voloshin , G. Wang , J. S. Wang , P. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , J. C. Webb , P. C. Weidenkaff , L. Wen , G. D. Westfall , H. Wieman , S. W. Wissink , J. Wu , Y. Wu , B. Xi , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , H. Xu , N. Xu , Q. H. Xu , Y. Xu , Z. Xu , Z. Xu , C. Yang , Q. Yang , S. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , Y. Yu , H. Zbroszczyk , W. Zha , C. Zhang , D. Zhang , J. Zhang , S. Zhang , S. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , J. Zhao , C. Zhou , X. Zhu , Z. Zhu , M. Zurek , M. Zyzak

The sensitivity of flow harmonics from cumulants on the event-by-event flow distribution $p(v_n)$ is investigated using a simple central moment expansion approach. For narrow distribution whose width is much smaller than the mean…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2015-08-26 Jiangyong Jia , Sooraj Krishnann

The second and fourth Fourier harmonics of the azimuthal distribution of particles, $v_2$ and $v_4$, have been mesured in Au-Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The ratio $v_4/(v_2)^2$ is significantly larger than…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2010-04-23 Clément Gombeaud , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

Correlation measurements imply that anisotropic flow in nuclear collisions includes a novel triangular component along with the more familiar elliptic-flow contribution. Triangular flow has been attributed to event-wise fluctuations in the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-30 Sean Gavin , George Moschelli

Measurements of anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions provide evidence for the creation of strongly interacting matter which appears to behave as an almost ideal fluid. Anisotropic flow signals the presence of multiple interactions and…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2015-05-28 Ante Bilandzic

Event-by-event fluctuations of the initial transverse density profile result in a collective flow pattern which also fluctuates event by event. We propose a number of new correlation observables to characterize these fluctuations and…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2012-06-18 Rajeev S. Bhalerao , Matthew Luzum , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

Multiparticle cumulants method can be used to reveal long-range collectivity in small and large colliding systems. The four-particle symmetric cumulant $sc_{2,4} \left \{ 4 \right \}$, three-particle asymmetric cumulant $ac_{2} \left \{ 3…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-08-30 Jia-Lin Pei , Guo-Liang Ma , Adam Bzdak

Symmetric cumulants can improve our understanding of the joint probability distribution function $ P\left ( v_{m},v_{n},v_{k}, \dots,\Psi _{m},\Psi _{n},\Psi _{k},\dots \right )$, potentially offering new insights into the nature of the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-10-10 Jia-Lin Pei , Guo-Liang Ma , Adam Bzdak

We investigate the thermal counterflow of the superfluid $^4$He by numerically simulating three-dimensional fully coupled dynamics of the two fluids, namely quantized vortices and a normal fluid. We analyze the velocity fluctuations of the…

Superconductivity · Physics 2020-04-22 Satoshi Yui , Hiromichi Kobayashi , Makoto Tsubota , Wei Guo

New measurements of two- and four-particle elliptic flow are used to investigate flow fluctuations in collisions of U+U at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 193~GeV, Cu+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200~GeV and Au+Au at several beam energies. These measurements…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-02-20 Niseem Magdy

Higher harmonics of anisotropic flow ($v_n$ with $n\ge 4$) in heavy-ion collisions can be measured either with respect to their own plane, or with respect to a plane constructed using lower-order harmonics. We explain how such measurements…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-04-10 Li Yan , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

We propose that flow fluctuations have the same origin as transverse momentum fluctuations. The common source of these fluctuations is the spatially inhomogeneous initial state that drives hydrodynamic flow. Longitudinal correlations from…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-30 Sean Gavin , George Moschelli

The first calculation of triangular flow $v_3$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=200A$ GeV from an event-by-event (3+1)-d transport+hydrodynamics hybrid approach is presented. As a response to the initial triangularity $\epsilon_3$…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2010-11-11 Hannah Petersen , Guang-You Qin , Steffen A. Bass , Berndt Müller

Elliptic flow ($v_2$) fluctuations in central heavy-ion collisions are direct probes of the fluctuating geometry of the quark-gluon plasma, and, as such, are strongly sensitive to any deviation from spherical symmetry in the shape of the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-03-05 Giuliano Giacalone

Recently the ratio of triangular flow to the elliptic flow ($v_3/v_2$) of hadrons was proposed as a probe to detect the pattern of $\alpha$-clustering $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$+$^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at relativistic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-11-05 S. Zhang , Y. G. Ma , J. H. Chen , W. B. He , C. Zhong

Collective flow observed in heavy ion collisions is largely attributed to initial geometrical fluctuations, and it is the hydrodynamic evolution of the system that transforms those initial spatial irregularities into final state momentum…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-16 Wei-Liang Qian , Philipe Mota , Rone Andrade , Fernando Gardim , Frederique Grassi , Yogiro Hama , Takeshi Kodama

We calculate flow observables with the NeXSPheRIO ideal hydrodynamic model and make the first comparison to the complete set of mid-rapidity flow measurements made by the PHENIX collaboration in top energy Au+Au collisions. A simultaneous…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-03-20 Fernando G. Gardim , Frederique Grassi , Matthew Luzum , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

We present an event-by-event hydrodynamical framework which takes into account the initial density fluctuations arising from a Monte Carlo Glauber model. The elliptic flow is calculated with the event plane method and a one-to-one…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-05-28 Hannu Holopainen , Harri Niemi , Kari J. Eskola

We consider an advection of a passive scalar by a flow which is a superposition of random waves. We find that such a flow can lead to an exponential growth of the passive scalar fluctuations. We calculate the growth rate at the fourth order…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. M. Balk. G. Falkovich , M. S. Stepanov

Measurements of the variation of anisotropic flow-plane angles ($\Psi_n$) with rapidity, commonly known as the flow-plane decorrelation, provide important insights into the initial conditions of the matter produced in heavy-ion collisions.…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2026-01-16 STAR Collaboration