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Non-adherence to assigned treatment is common in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Recently, there has been an increased interest in estimating causal effects of treatment received, for example the so-called local average treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-05 Karla DiazOrdaz , James Carpenter

Staggered rollout cluster randomized experiments (SR-CREs) involve sequential treatment adoption across clusters, requiring analysis methods that address a general class of dynamic causal effects, anticipation, and non-ignorable…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-02 Xinyuan Chen , Fan Li

Two major ideas in the analysis of missing data are (a) the EM algorithm [Dempster, Laird and Rubin, J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 39 (1977) 1--38] for maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, and (b) the formulation of models for the joint…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-04-14 Yan Zhou , Roderick J. A. Little , John D. Kalbfleisch

In biomedical and public health association studies, binary outcome variables may be subject to misclassification, resulting in substantial bias in effect estimates. The feasibility of addressing binary outcome misclassification in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-19 Kimberly A. Hochstedler Webb , Martin T. Wells

Missing data arises when certain values are not recorded or observed for variables of interest. However, most of the statistical theory assume complete data availability. To address incomplete databases, one approach is to fill the gaps…

In this work, we propose an approach for assessing sensitivity to unobserved confounding in studies with multiple outcomes. We demonstrate how prior knowledge unique to the multi-outcome setting can be leveraged to strengthen causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-26 Jiajing Zheng , Jiaxi Wu , Alexander D'Amour , Alexander Franks

Missing values in tabular data restrict the use and performance of machine learning, requiring the imputation of missing values. The most popular imputation algorithm is arguably multiple imputations using chains of equations (MICE), which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Manar D Samad , Sakib Abrar , Norou Diawara

Clustering analysis is one of the most widely used statistical tools in many emerging areas such as microarray data analysis. For microarray and other high-dimensional data, the presence of many noise variables may mask underlying…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2008-03-26 Benhuai Xie , Wei Pan , Xiaotong Shen

Multiple imputation (MI) has become one of the main procedures used to treat missing data, but the guidelines from the methodological literature are not easily transferred to multilevel research. For models including random slopes, proper…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-06-30 Simon Grund , Oliver Lüdtke , Alexander Robitzsch

In randomized clinical trials, adjustments for baseline covariates at both design and analysis stages are highly encouraged by regulatory agencies. A recent trend is to use a model-assisted approach for covariate adjustment to gain…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-14 Ting Ye , Jun Shao , Yanyao Yi , Qingyuan Zhao

When using multiple imputation (MI) for missing data, maintaining compatibility between the imputation model and substantive analysis is important for avoiding bias. For example, some causal inference methods incorporate an outcome model…

In experimental and observational data settings, researchers often have limited knowledge of the reasons for missing outcomes. To address this uncertainty, we propose bounds on causal effects for missing outcomes, accommodating the scenario…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-19 Max Rubinstein , Denis Agniel , Larry Han , Marcela Horvitz-Lennon , Sharon-Lise Normand

This article focuses on measurement error in covariates in regression analyses in which the aim is to estimate the association between one or more covariates and an outcome, adjusting for confounding. Error in covariate measurements, if…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-16 Ruth H. Keogh , Jonathan W. Bartlett

Missing data on response variables are common in clinical studies. Corresponding to the uncertainty of missing mechanism, theoretical frameworks on controlled imputation have been developed. In practice, it is recommended to conduct a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-08 Tony Wang , Ying Liu

Population adjustment methods such as matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) are increasingly used to compare marginal treatment effects when there are cross-trial differences in effect modifiers and limited patient-level data. MAIC…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-12 Antonio Remiro-Azócar , Anna Heath , Gianluca Baio

Cluster-level dynamic treatment regimens can be used to guide sequential, intervention or treatment decision-making at the cluster level in order to improve outcomes at the individual or patient-level. In a cluster-level DTR, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-15 Timothy NeCamp , Amy Kilbourne , Daniel Almirall

Causal inference methods based on electronic health record (EHR) databases must simultaneously handle confounding and missing data. Vast scholarship exists aimed at addressing these two issues separately, but surprisingly few papers attempt…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-28 Luke Benz , Alexander Levis , Sebastien Haneuse

Researchers are often challenged with assessing the impact of an intervention on an outcome of interest in situations where the intervention is non-randomised, the intervention is only applied to one or few units, the intervention is…

Multiple imputation (MI) has become popular for analyses with missing data in medical research. The standard implementation of MI is based on the assumption of data being missing at random (MAR). However, for missing data generated by…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-03 Tra My Pham , James R Carpenter , Tim P Morris , Angela M Wood , Irene Petersen

Mixed linear regression (MLR) has attracted increasing attention because of its great theoretical and practical importance in capturing nonlinear relationships by utilizing a mixture of linear regression sub-models. Although considerable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-25 Yujing Liu , Zhixin Liu , Lei Guo