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Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) are commonly used to analyze clustered data, but when the number of clusters is small to moderate, standard statistical tests may produce elevated type I error rates. Small-sample corrections have been…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-07 Hongxiang Qiu , Andrea J. Cook , Jennifer F. Bobb

Cluster-randomized experiments are widely used due to their logistical convenience and policy relevance. To analyze them properly, we must address the fact that the treatment is assigned at the cluster level instead of the individual level.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-06 Fangzhou Su , Peng Ding

Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) is increasingly used for doubly robust causal inference, but how missing data should be handled when using TMLE with data-adaptive approaches is unclear. Based on the Victorian Adolescent Health…

Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) are widely used to evaluate group-level interventions and increasingly collect multiple outcomes capturing complementary dimensions of benefit and risk. Investigators often seek a single global summary of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Xinyuan Chen , Fan Li

The interventional effects approach to causal mediation analysis is increasingly common in epidemiologic research, given its potential to address policy-relevant questions about hypothetical mediator interventions. Multiple imputation (MI)…

In randomized controlled trials, adjusting for baseline covariates is often applied to improve the precision of treatment effect estimation. However, missingness in covariates is common. Recently, Zhao & Ding (2022) studied two simple…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-28 Yilin Song , James P. Hughes , Ting Ye

Clustered competing risks data are commonly encountered in multicenter studies. The analysis of such data is often complicated due to informative cluster size, a situation where the outcomes under study are associated with the size of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-26 Wenxian Zhou , Giorgos Bakoyannis , Ying Zhang , Constantin T. Yiannoutsos

In regression models with missing outcomes, selection bias can arise when the missingness mechanism depends on the outcome itself. This proposal focuses on an extension of the Heckman model to a setting where the outcome is binary and both…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-18 Marco Doretti , Elena Stanghellini , Alessandro Taraborrelli

Design-based causal inference, also known as randomization-based or finite-population causal inference, is one of the most widely used causal inference frameworks, largely due to the merit that its validity can be guaranteed by study design…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-27 Siyu Heng , Jiawei Zhang , Yang Feng

Clustering and dependence are common in trials. For example, in some cluster randomized trials (CRTs), pre-existing clusters are enrolled, randomized, and serve as the basis of intervention delivery. Such CRTs are "fully clustered":…

We provide guidance on multiple imputation of missing at random treatments in observational studies. Specifically, analysts should account for both covariates and outcomes, i.e., not just use propensity scores, when imputing the missing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-23 Joseph Feldman , Jerome P. Reiter

Covariate adjustment can improve precision in analyzing randomized experiments. With fully observed data, regression adjustment and propensity score weighting are asymptotically equivalent in improving efficiency over unadjusted analysis.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-06 Anqi Zhao , Peng Ding , Fan Li

Routinely collected nation-wide registers contain socio-economic and health-related information from a large number of individuals. However, important information on lifestyle, biological and other risk factors is available at most for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-23 Tommi Härkänen , Sangita Kulathinal , Arya Panthalanickal Vijayakumar

We propose a random-effects approach to missing values for generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis. The method converts a GLMM with missing covariates to another GLMM without missing covariates. The standard GLMM analysis tools for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-01 Thuan Nguyen , Jiangshan Zhang , Jiming Jiang

Clinical trials often evaluate multiple outcome variables to form a comprehensive picture of the effects of a new treatment. The resulting multidimensional insight contributes to clinically relevant and efficient decision-making about…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-14 X. M. Kavelaars , J. Mulder , M. C. Kaptein

In the presence of a missing response, reweighting the complete case subsample by the inverse of nonmissing probability is both intuitive and easy to implement. When the population totals of some auxiliary variables are known and when the…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-10-16 Kwun Chuen Gary Chan , Sheung Chi Phillip Yam

Human annotations play a crucial role in evaluating the performance of GenAI models. Two common challenges in practice, however, are missing annotations (the response variable of interest) and cluster dependence among human-AI interactions…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-27 Zhenghao Zeng , David Arbour , Avi Feller , Ishita Dasgupta , Atanu R Sinha , Edward H. Kennedy

Multivariate bounded discrete data arises in many fields. In the setting of dementia studies, such data is collected when individuals complete neuropsychological tests. We outline a modeling and inference procedure that can model the joint…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-10 Daniel Suen , Yen-Chi Chen

Stepped wedge cluster-randomized trial (CRTs) designs randomize clusters of individuals to intervention sequences, ensuring that every cluster eventually transitions from a control period to receive the intervention under study by the end…

Design and analysis of cluster randomized trials must take into account correlation among outcomes from the same clusters. When applying standard generalized estimating equations (GEE), the first-order (e.g. treatment) effects can be…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-04-18 Tom Chen , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen , Rui Wang