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The goal of item response theoretic (IRT) models is to provide estimates of latent traits from binary observed indicators and at the same time to learn the item response functions (IRFs) that map from latent trait to observed response.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-23 JBrandon Duck-Mayr , Roman Garnett , Jacob M. Montgomery

Longitudinal causal inference is concerned with defining, identifying, and estimating the effect of a time-varying intervention on a time-varying outcome that is indexed by a follow-up time. In an observational study, Robins's generalized…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-01 Herbert P. Susmann , Nicholas T. Williams , Richard Liu , Jessica G. Young , Iván Díaz

There has recently been a growing interest in the development of statistical methods to compare medical costs between treatment groups. When cumulative cost is the outcome of interest, right-censoring poses the challenge of informative…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-05-25 Andrew J. Spieker , Arman Oganisian , Emily M. Ko , Jason A. Roy , Nandita Mitra

Individualized treatment regimes (ITRs) aim to improve clinical outcomes by assigning treatment based on patient-specific characteristics. However, existing methods often struggle with high-dimensional covariates, limiting accuracy,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-13 Sungtaek Son , Eardi Lila , Kwun Chuen Gary Chan

A century ago, Neyman showed how to evaluate the efficacy of treatment using a randomized experiment under a minimal set of assumptions. This classical repeated sampling framework serves as a basis of routine experimental analyses conducted…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-29 Michael Lingzhi Li , Kosuke Imai

Flexible estimation of the mean outcome under a treatment regimen (i.e., value function) is the key step toward personalized medicine. We define our target parameter as a conditional value function given a set of baseline covariates which…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-09-29 Ashkan Ertefaie , Luke Duttweiler , Brent A. Johnson , Mark J. van der Laan

Existing statistical methods in causal inference often assume the positivity condition, where every individual has some chance of receiving any treatment level regardless of covariates. This assumption could be violated in observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-22 Yikun Zhang , Yen-Chi Chen , Alexander Giessing

Methods for estimating heterogeneous treatment effect in observational data have largely focused on continuous or binary outcomes, and have been relatively less vetted with survival outcomes. Using flexible machine learning methods in the…

Applications · Statistics 2021-07-09 Liangyuan Hu , Jiayi Ji , Fan Li

We develop a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) approach to evaluate the causal effect of treatment in a randomized trial where a nonterminal event may be censored by a terminal event, but not vice versa (i.e., semi-competing risks). Based on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-23 Yanxun Xu , Daniel Scharfstein , Peter Müller , Michael Daniels

Counterfactual prediction is a fundamental task in decision-making. G-computation is a method for estimating expected counterfactual outcomes under dynamic time-varying treatment strategies. Existing G-computation implementations have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Rui Li , Zach Shahn , Jun Li , Mingyu Lu , Prithwish Chakraborty , Daby Sow , Mohamed Ghalwash , Li-wei H. Lehman

In this work we present a method for the statistical analysis of continually monitored data arising in a recurrent diseases problem. The model enables individual level inference in the presence of time transience and population…

Applications · Statistics 2014-11-19 Madhuchhanda Bhattacharjee , Elja Arjas

Individualized treatment rules (ITRs) aim to optimize healthcare by tailoring treatment decisions to patient-specific characteristics. Existing methods typically rely on either interpretable but inflexible models or highly flexible…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-13 Yasin Khadem Charvadeh , Katherine S. Panageas , Yuan Chen

In this paper, we outline a principled approach to estimate an individualized treatment rule that is appropriate for data from observational studies where, in addition to treatment assignment not being independent of individual…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-05 Jeremy Roth , Noah Simon

Estimating the effects of interventions on patient outcome is one of the key aspects of personalized medicine. Their inference is often challenged by the fact that the training data comprises only the outcome for the administered treatment,…

Modern precision medicine aims to utilize real-world data to provide the best treatment for an individual patient. An individualized treatment rule (ITR) maps each patient's characteristics to a recommended treatment scheme that maximizes…

Applications · Statistics 2025-01-07 Andong Wang , Kelly Wentzlof , Johnny Rajala , Miontranese Green , Yunshu Zhang , Shu Yang

Individualized treatment effect lies at the heart of precision medicine. Interpretable individualized treatment rules (ITRs) are desirable for clinicians or policymakers due to their intuitive appeal and transparency. The gold-standard…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-20 Lili Wu , Shu Yang

An individualized decision rule (IDR) is a decision function that assigns each individual a given treatment based on his/her observed characteristics. Most of the existing works in the literature consider settings with binary or finitely…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-31 Hengrui Cai , Chengchun Shi , Rui Song , Wenbin Lu

Performing causal inference in observational studies requires we assume confounding variables are correctly adjusted for. G-computation methods are often used in these scenarios, with several recent proposals using Bayesian versions of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-25 Daniel Daly-Grafstein , Paul Gustafson

Survivors of childhood cancer need lifelong monitoring for side effects from radiotherapy. However, longitudinal data from routine monitoring is often infrequently and irregularly sampled, and subject to inaccuracies. Due to this,…

Precision medicine is an emerging scientific topic for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account individual patient characteristics. It is an important direction for clinical research, and many statistical methods have been…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-17 Jingxiang Chen , Haoda Fu , Xuanyao He , Michael R. Kosorok , Yufeng Liu