English
Related papers

Related papers: Quicksort Is Optimal For Many Equal Keys

200 papers

There is excitement within the algorithms community about a new partitioning method introduced by Yaroslavskiy. This algorithm renders Quicksort slightly faster than the case when it runs under classic partitioning methods. We show that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-11-18 Sebastian Wild , Markus E. Nebel , Hosam Mahmoud

The number of comparisons X_n used by Quicksort to sort an array of n distinct numbers has mean mu_n of order n log n and standard deviation of order n. Using different methods, Regnier and Roesler each showed that the normalized variate…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 James Allen Fill , Svante Janson

As proved by R\'egnier and R\"osler, the number of key comparisons required by the randomized sorting algorithm QuickSort to sort a list of $n$ distinct items (keys) satisfies a global distributional limit theorem. Fill and Janson proved…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-01-17 Béla Bollobás , James Allen Fill , Oliver Riordan

Quicksort on the fly returns the input of $n$ reals in increasing natural order during the sorting process. Correctly normalized the running time up to returning the l-th smallest out of n seen as a process in l converges weakly to a…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-02-18 Mahmoud Ragab , Uwe Roesler

The limiting distribution of the normalized number of comparisons used by Quicksort to sort an array of n numbers is known to be the unique fixed point with zero mean of a certain distributional transformation S. We study the convergence to…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 James Allen Fill , Svante Janson

We substantially refine asymptotic logarithmic upper bounds produced by Svante Janson (2015) on the right tail of the limiting QuickSort distribution function $F$ and by Fill and Hung (2018) on the right tails of the corresponding density…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-03-20 James Allen Fill , Wei-Chun Hung

Quicksort is a classical divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm. It is a comparison sort that makes an average of $2(n+1)H_n - 4n$ comparisons on an array of size $n$ ordered uniformly at random, where $H_n = \sum_{i=1}^n\frac{1}{i}$ is the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-23 Pamela E. Harris , Jan Kretschmann , J. Carlos Martínez Mori

The weak limit of the normalized number of comparisons needed by the Quicksort algorithm to sort n randomly permuted items is known to be determined implicitly by a distributional fixed-point equation. We give an algorithm for perfect…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Luc Devroye , James Allen Fill , Ralph Neininger

Dual-pivot quicksort refers to variants of classical quicksort where in the partitioning step two pivots are used to split the input into three segments. This can be done in different ways, giving rise to different algorithms. Recently, a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-10-14 Martin Aumüller , Martin Dietzfelbinger

The linear pivot selection algorithm, known as median-of-medians, makes the worst case complexity of quicksort be $\mathrm{O}(n\ln n)$. Nevertheless, it has often been said that this algorithm is too expensive to use in quicksort. In this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-08-18 Noriyuki Kurosawa

We introduce and study the problem of consistent low-rank approximation, in which rows of an input matrix $\mathbf{A}\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times d}$ arrive sequentially and the goal is to provide a sequence of subspaces that well-approximate the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-03 David P. Woodruff , Samson Zhou

In a continuous-time setting, Fill (2010) proved, for a large class of probabilistic sources, that the number of symbol comparisons used by QuickSort, when centered by subtracting the mean and scaled by dividing by time, has a limiting…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-02-01 Patrick Bindjeme , James Allen Fill

In this paper we generalize the idea of QuickHeapsort leading to the notion of QuickXsort. Given some external sorting algorithm X, QuickXsort yields an internal sorting algorithm if X satisfies certain natural conditions. With…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-07-12 Stefan Edelkamp , Armin Weiß

QuickSelect (aka Find), introduced by Hoare (1961), is a randomized algorithm for selecting a specified order statistic from an input sequence of $n$ objects, or rather their identifying labels usually known as keys. The keys can be numeric…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-14 James Allen Fill , Jason Matterer

QuickXsort is a strategy to combine Quicksort with another sorting method X, so that the result has essentially the same comparison cost as X in isolation, but sorts in place even when X requires a linear-size buffer. We solve the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Sebastian Wild

The classical center based clustering problems such as $k$-means/median/center assume that the optimal clusters satisfy the locality property that the points in the same cluster are close to each other. A number of clustering problems arise…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-13 Anup Bhattacharya , Ragesh Jaiswal , Amit Kumar

We give a polynomial-time approximation algorithm for the (not necessarily metric) $k$-Median problem. The algorithm is an $\alpha$-size-approximation algorithm for $\alpha < 1 + 2 \ln(n/k)$. That is, it guarantees a solution having size at…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Neal E. Young

We study the communication complexity of multiplying $k\times t$ elements from the group $H=\text{SL}(2,q)$ in the number-on-forehead model with $k$ parties. We prove a lower bound of $(t\log H)/c^{k}$. This is an exponential improvement…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Harm Derksen , Chin Ho Lee , Emanuele Viola

Using Fourier analysis, we prove that the limiting distribution of the standardized random number of comparisons used by Quicksort to sort an array of n numbers has an everywhere positive and infinitely differentiable density f, and that…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 James Allen Fill , Svante Janson

As computer clusters are found to be highly effective for handling massive datasets, the design of efficient parallel algorithms for such a computing model is of great interest. We consider ({\alpha}, k)-minimal algorithms for such a…

Databases · Computer Science 2014-03-24 Silu Huang , Ada Wai-Chee Fu