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We present an axiomatic framework for thermodynamics that incorporates information as a fundamental concept. The axioms describe both ordinary thermodynamic processes and those in which information is acquired, used and erased, as in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 Austin Hulse , Benjamin Schumacher , Michael D. Westmoreland

We introduce a Szilard-type thermodynamic valuation of side-information channels induced by Bell-type correlations. In each round, a two-level working system is thermalized with a degenerate Hamiltonian, so that its physical microstate is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Piotr Ćwikliński

Identifying the origin of nonequilibrium characteristics in a generic interacting system having multiple degrees of freedom is a challenging task. In this context, information theoretic measures such as mutual information and related…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-24 Biswajit Das , Sreekanth K Manikandan , Ayan Banerjee

We derive a thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) under quantum continuous measurement and feedback control. By incorporating the quantum-classical-transfer entropy, which quantifies the information gained by continuous measurement, we…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-20 Kaito Tojo , Takahiro Sagawa , Ken Funo

We study a quantum Szilard engine that is not powered by heat drawn from a thermal reservoir, but rather by projective measurements. The engine is constituted of a system $\mathcal{S}$, a weight $\mathcal{W}$, and a Maxwell demon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-17 M. Hamed Mohammady , Janet Anders

When an open system is contacted with several thermal baths, the entropy produced by the irreversible processes ($dS_{\mathrm{i}}=dS-\sum_{\alpha}\text{\dj}Q_{\alpha}/T_{\alpha}$) keeps increasing, and this entropy production rate is always…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-24 Sheng-Wen Li

We investigate the consequences of information exchange between a system and a measurement-feedback apparatus that cools the system below the environmental temperature. A quantitative relationship between entropy pumping and information…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-19 Andreas Dechant , Jakob Hüpfl , Shuta Kobayashi , Sosuke Ito , Stefan Rotter

To induce transport, detailed balance must be broken. A common mechanism is to bias the dynamics with a thermodynamic fuel, such as chemical energy. An intriguing, alternative strategy is for a Maxwell demon to effect the bias using…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-11 Jordan M. Horowitz , Takahiro Sagawa , Juan M. R. Parrondo

We consider the entropy production of a strongly coupled bipartite system. The total entropy production can be partitioned into various components, which we use to define local versions of the Second Law that are valid without the usual…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-09-29 Gavin E. Crooks , Susanne E. Still

The classical Second Law of Thermodynamics demands that an isolated system evolves with a non-diminishing entropy. This holds as well in quantum mechanics if the evolution of the energy-isolated system can be described by a unital quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-01 N. S. Kirsanov , A. V. Lebedev , M. V. Suslov , V. M. Vinokur , G. Blatter , G. B. Lesovik

We propose a physically realizable Maxwell's demon device using a spin valve interacting unitarily for a short time with electrons placed on a tape of quantum dots, which is thermodynamically equivalent to the device introduced by Mandal…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-12-03 Philipp Strasberg , Gernot Schaller , Tobias Brandes , Christopher Jarzynski

In nano-scale systems coupled to finite-size reservoirs, the reservoir temperature may fluctuate due to heat exchange between the system and the reservoirs. To date, a stochastic thermodynamic analysis of heat, work and entropy production…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-04-03 Saulo V. Moreira , Peter Samuelsson , Patrick P. Potts

The information shared among observables representing processes of interest is traditionally evaluated in terms of macroscale measures characterizing aggregate properties of the underlying processes and their interactions. Traditional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-31 Rui A. P. Perdigão

Non-isolated systems have diverse coupling relations with the external environment. These relations generate complex thermodynamics and information transmission between the system and its environment. The framework depicted in the current…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-06-15 Yang Tian , Pei Sun

Most psychophysical experiments discard half the data collected. Specifically, experiments discard reaction time data, and use binary responses (e.g. yes/no) to measure performance. Here, Shannon's information theory is used to define…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-14 James V Stone

We show that memory, feedback, and activity are all describable by the same unifying concept, that is non-reciprocal (NR) coupling. We demonstrate that characteristic thermodynamic features of these intrinsically nonequilibrium systems are…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-10-21 Sarah A. M. Loos , Simon M. Hermann , Sabine H. L. Klapp

Quantum information engines leverage information as a thermodynamic resource to facilitate energy conversion. In the operation of such engines, the information flow between the working substance and the controller is pivotal, however,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-26 Hao Feng , Junjie Liu

Systems that are driven by a randomly timed, external protocol can seemingly violate the second law of thermodynamics. We show that this thermodynamic paradox is resolved if the outcome of the random time is stored in a memory device.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-28 Izaak Neri

Evidence implies that basic laws of thermodynamics must be tested by experiments. In this paper, an experiment is designed to measure the entropy of a system with at least one known (measurable) equation of state, especially the gas…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Bin Zhou

We derive a generalization of the Second Law of Thermodynamics that uses Bayesian updates to explicitly incorporate the effects of a measurement of a system at some point in its evolution. By allowing an experimenter's knowledge to be…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-04-04 Anthony Bartolotta , Sean M. Carroll , Stefan Leichenauer , Jason Pollack
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