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Identifying causal relationships from observation data is difficult, in large part, due to the presence of hidden common causes. In some cases, where just the right patterns of conditional independence and dependence lie in the data---for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-08 David Heckerman

We describe a basic correspondence between linear algebraic structures within vector embeddings in artificial neural networks and conditional independence constraints on the probability distributions modeled by these networks. Our framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Matthew Trager , Alessandro Achille , Pramuditha Perera , Luca Zancato , Stefano Soatto

We study stochastic choice across decision problems, each represented as a menu of action labels paired with observable outcome vectors. We propose a consistency condition for behavior in decision problems composed of two separable…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-05-18 Fedor Sandomirskiy , Po Hyun Sung , Omer Tamuz , Ben Wincelberg

Classical correlations without predefined causal order arise from processes where parties manipulate random variables, and where the order of these interactions is not predefined. No assumption on the causal order of the parties is made,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-18 Ämin Baumeler , Stefan Wolf

Possibilistic conditional independence is investigated: we propose a definition of this notion similar to the one used in probability theory. The links between independence and non-interactivity are investigated, and properties of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-28 Pascale Fonck

In classical extreme value theory probabilities of extreme events are estimated assuming all the components of a random vector to be in a domain of attraction of an extreme value distribution. In contrast, the conditional extreme value…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-08-30 Bikramjit Das , Sidney I. Resnick

It is well known that conditional independence can be used to factorize a joint probability into a multiplication of conditional probabilities. This paper proposes a constructive definition of inter-causal independence, which can be used to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-28 Nevin Lianwen Zhang , David L Poole

Can you decide if there is a coincidence in the numbers counting two different combinatorial objects? For example, can you decide if two regions in $\mathbb{R}^3$ have the same number of domino tilings? There are two versions of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-16 Swee Hong Chan , Igor Pak

A probabilistic model describes a system in its observational state. In many situations, however, we are interested in the system's response under interventions. The class of structural causal models provides a language that allows us to…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-20 Jonas Peters , Stefan Bauer , Niklas Pfister

We show that there is a general, informative and reliable procedure for discovering causal relations when, for all the investigator knows, both latent variables and selection bias may be at work. Given information about conditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Peter L. Spirtes , Christopher Meek , Thomas S. Richardson

This paper considers the problem of invoking auxiliary, unobservable variables to facilitate the structuring of causal tree models for a given set of continuous variables. Paralleling the treatment of bi-valued variables in [Pearl 1986], we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-11 Lei Xu , Judea Pearl

The independent component model is a latent variable model where the components of the observed random vector are linear combinations of latent independent variables. The aim is to find an estimate for a transformation matrix back to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-05-12 Joni Virta , Klaus Nordhausen , Hannu Oja

Inference in current domains of application are often complex and require us to integrate the expertise of a variety of disparate panels of experts and models coherently. In this paper we develop a formal statistical methodology to guide…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-30 Manuele Leonelli , Martine J. Barons , Jim Q. Smith

Evaluating joint probabilities of potential outcomes and observed variables, and their linear combinations, is a fundamental challenge in causal inference. This paper addresses the bounding and identification of these probabilities in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-24 Naoya Hashimoto , Yuta Kawakami , Jin Tian

We are often interested in decomposing complex, structured data into simple components that explain the data. The linear version of this problem is well-studied as dictionary learning and factor analysis. In this work, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Avrim Blum , Kavya Ravichandran

Causal inference is a science with multi-disciplinary evolution and applications. On the one hand, it measures effects of treatments in observational data based on experimental designs and rigorous statistical inference to draw causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-05 Jingying Zeng , Run Wang

The paper concerns the probabilistic evaluation of plans in the presence of unmeasured variables, each plan consisting of several concurrent or sequential actions. We establish a graphical criterion for recognizing when the effects of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Judea Pearl , James M. Robins

Contextuality is a particular quantum phenomenon that has no analogue in classical probability theory. Given two independent systems, a natural question is how to represent such a situation as a single test space. In other words, how…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-24 Ana Belén Sainz , Elie Wolfe

Based on a recent development in the area of error control coding, we introduce the notion of convolutional factor graphs (CFGs) as a new class of probabilistic graphical models. In this context, the conventional factor graphs are referred…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-19 Yongyi Mao , Frank Kschischang , Brendan J. Frey

Many dynamical phenomena display a cyclic behavior, in the sense that time can be partitioned into units within which distributional aspects of a process are homogeneous. In this paper, we introduce a class of models - called conjugate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-05 Eduardo Horta , Flavio Ziegelmann