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We characterize information as risk reduction between knowledge states represented by partitions of the underlying probability space. Entropy corresponds to risk reduction from no (or partial) knowledge to full knowledge about a random…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Sebastian Gottwald , Daniel A. Braun

We introduce a method for embedding words as probability densities in a low-dimensional space. Rather than assuming that a word embedding is fixed across the entire text collection, as in standard word embedding methods, in our Bayesian…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Arthur Bražinskas , Serhii Havrylov , Ivan Titov

The meaning of a word often varies depending on its usage in different domains. The standard word embedding models struggle to represent this variation, as they learn a single global representation for a word. We propose a method to learn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Lahari Poddar , Gyorgy Szarvas , Lea Frermann

We consider an extension of the setting of label ranking, in which the learner is allowed to make predictions in the form of partial instead of total orders. Predictions of that kind are interpreted as a partial abstention: If the learner…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-12-05 Weiwei Cheng , Eyke Hüllermeier

Word embeddings have been found to capture a surprisingly rich amount of syntactic and semantic knowledge. However, it is not yet sufficiently well-understood how the relational knowledge that is implicitly encoded in word embeddings can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Zied Bouraoui , Shoaib Jameel , Steven Schockaert

Sequential word order is important when processing text. Currently, neural networks (NNs) address this by modeling word position using position embeddings. The problem is that position embeddings capture the position of individual words,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Benyou Wang , Donghao Zhao , Christina Lioma , Qiuchi Li , Peng Zhang , Jakob Grue Simonsen

At this point in time, two major areas of physics, statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics, rest on the foundations of probability and entropy. The last century saw several significant fundamental advances in our understanding of the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Kevin H. Knuth

Partial orders may be used for modeling and summarising ranking data when the underlying order relations are less strict than a total order. They are a natural choice when the data are lists recording individuals' positions in queues in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-28 Chuxuan , Jiang , Geoff K. Nicholls

There have been many recent advances in the structure and measurement of distributed language models: those that map from words to a vector-space that is rich in information about word choice and composition. This vector-space is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-07-27 Matt Taddy

We present a novel Bayesian topic model for learning discourse-level document structure. Our model leverages insights from discourse theory to constrain latent topic assignments in a way that reflects the underlying organization of document…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-01-16 Harr Chen , S. R. K. Branavan , Regina Barzilay , David R. Karger

We construct a probabilistic coherence measure for information sets which determines a partial coherence ordering. This measure is applied in constructing a criterion for expanding our beliefs in the face of new information. A number of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Luc Bovens , Stephan Hartmann

Over time, there have hen refinements in the way that probability distributions are used for representing beliefs. Models which rely on single probability distributions depict a complete ordering among the propositions of interest, yet…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-28 Paul Snow

Many real-world datasets can be divided into groups according to certain salient features (e.g. grouping images by subject, grouping text by font, etc.). Often, machine learning tasks require that these features be represented separately…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Dan Andrei Iliescu , Aliaksei Mikhailiuk , Damon Wischik , Rafal Mantiuk

This work lists and describes the main recent strategies for building fixed-length, dense and distributed representations for words, based on the distributional hypothesis. These representations are now commonly called word embeddings and,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Felipe Almeida , Geraldo Xexéo

Vector space models have become popular in distributional semantics, despite the challenges they face in capturing various semantic phenomena. We propose a novel probabilistic framework which draws on both formal semantics and recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-28 Guy Emerson , Ann Copestake

When the historical data are limited, the conditional probabilities associated with the nodes of Bayesian networks are uncertain and can be empirically estimated. Second order estimation methods provide a framework for both estimating the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-09 Conrad D. Hougen , Lance M. Kaplan , Federico Cerutti , Alfred O. Hero

We build information geometry for a partially ordered set of variables and define the orthogonal decomposition of information theoretic quantities. The natural connection between information geometry and order theory leads to efficient…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Mahito Sugiyama , Hiroyuki Nakahara , Koji Tsuda

Information-theoretic measures such as relative entropy and correlation are extremely useful when modeling or analyzing the interaction of probabilistic systems. We survey the quantum generalization of 5 such measures and point out some of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-02 William Blacoe

The use of attention models for automated image captioning has enabled many systems to produce accurate and meaningful descriptions for images. Over the years, many novel approaches have been proposed to enhance the attention process using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Murad Popattia , Muhammad Rafi , Rizwan Qureshi , Shah Nawaz

Written language is a complex communication signal capable of conveying information encoded in the form of ordered sequences of words. Beyond the local order ruled by grammar, semantic and thematic structures affect long-range patterns in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2010-05-17 Marcelo A. Montemurro , Damian Zanette