Related papers: Cumulants and Correlation Functions vs the QCD pha…

Proton number cumulants and correlation functions from hydrodynamics and the QCD phase diagram

We analyze the behavior of (net-)proton number cumulants in central collisions of heavy ions across a broad collision energy range by utilizing hydrodynamic simulations. The calculations incorporate essential non-critical contributions to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-08-05 Volodymyr Vovchenko , Volker Koch , Chun Shen

We investigate possible effects of correlations between stopped nucleons on higher order proton cumulants at low energy heavy-ion collisions. We find that fluctuations of the number of wounded nucleons $N_{\mathrm{part}}$ lead to rather…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-05-24 Adam Bzdak , Volker Koch , Vladimir Skokov

Proton Cumulants and Correlation Functions in Au + Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$=7.7-200 GeV from UrQMD Model

We studied the acceptance dependence of proton cumulants (up to fourth order) and correlation functions in 0--5\% most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\text{NN}}$=7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV from UrQMD model. We found…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2017-11-21 Shu He , Xiaofeng Luo

Correlation functions of net-proton multiplicity distributions in Au + Au collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider from a multiphase transport model

Fluctuations of conserved quantities are believed to be sensitive observables to probe the signature of the QCD phase transition and critical point. It was argued recently that measuring the genuine correlation functions (CFs) could provide…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-10-24 Yufu Lin , Lizhu Chen , Zhiming Li

Cumulants and factorial cumulants in the 3-dimensional Ising universality class

The high-order cumulants and factorial cumulants of conserved charges are suggested to study the critical dynamics in heavy ion collisions. In this paper, using parametric representation of the 3-dimensional Ising model, the sign…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-06-17 Xue Pan , Mingmei Xu , Yuanfang Wu

Rapidity dependence of proton cumulants and correlation functions

The dependence of multi-proton correlation functions and cumulants on the acceptance in rapidity and transverse momentum is studied. We find that the preliminary data of various cumulant ratios are consistent, within errors, with rapidity…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-11-22 Adam Bzdak , Volker Koch

Cumulants: It's More Than You Think

Cumulants of baryon number are given considerable attention in analyses of heavy-ion collision experiments as possible signatures of the QCD critical point. In this work, we show that the values of the lowest three cumulants can also be…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-10-25 Agnieszka Sorensen , Dmytro Oliinychenko , Volker Koch , Larry McLerran

Proton cumulants from hydrodynamics in light of new STAR data

New measurements of proton number cumulants from the Beam Energy Scan Phase II (BES-II) program at RHIC by the STAR Collaboration provide unprecedented precision and insights into the properties of strongly interacting matter. This report…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-04-03 Volodymyr Vovchenko , Volker Koch

High-order cumulants and correlation functions near the critical point from molecular dynamics

We present a systematic investigation of particle number fluctuations in the crossover region near the critical endpoint of a first-order phase transition using molecular dynamics simulations of the classical Lennard-Jones fluid. We extend…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-11-10 Volodymyr A. Kuznietsov , Roman Poberezhniuk , Mark I. Gorenstein , Volker Koch , Volodymyr Vovchenko

Dynamical development of proton cumulants and correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 7.7$ GeV from a multiphase transport model

Higher-order cumulants of the distributions of conserved charges, such as net-baryon number, are sensitive to the quantum chromodynamics(QCD) phase transition and the QCD critical point. We calculate the cumulants and correlation functions…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-07-26 Qian Chen , Guo-Liang Ma

Higher-Order Cumulants and Correlation Functions of Proton Multiplicity Distributions in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at the RHIC STAR Experiment

We report a measurement of cumulants and correlation functions of event-by-event proton multiplicity distributions from fixed-target Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV measured by the STAR experiment. Protons are identified…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2023-02-24 STAR Collaboration , M. S. Abdallah , B. E. Aboona , J. Adam , L. Adamczyk , J. R. Adams , J. K. Adkins , I. Aggarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , D. M. Anderson , E. C. Aschenauer , J. Atchison , V. Bairathi , W. Baker , J. G. Ball Cap , K. Barish , R. Bellwied , P. Bhagat , A. Bhasin , S. Bhatta , J. Bielcik , J. Bielcikova , J. D. Brandenburg , X. Z. Cai , H. Caines , M. Calderón~de~la~Barca~Sánchez , D. Cebra , I. Chakaberia , P. Chaloupka , B. K. Chan , Z. Chang , A. Chatterjee , D. Chen , J. Chen , J. H. Chen , X. Chen , Z. Chen , J. Cheng , Y. Cheng , S. Choudhury , W. Christie , X. Chu , H. J. Crawford , M. Csanád , M. Daugherity , I. M. Deppner , A. Dhamija , L. Di Carlo , L. Didenko , P. Dixit , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , E. Duckworth , J. C. Dunlop , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , A. Ewigleben , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , F. M. Fawzi , S. Fazio , C. J. Feng , Y. Feng , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , A. Francisco , C. Fu , C. A. Gagliardi , T. Galatyuk , F. Geurts , N. Ghimire , A. Gibson , K. Gopal , X. Gou , D. Grosnick , A. Gupta , W. Guryn , A. Hamed , Y. Han , S. Harabasz , M. D. Harasty , J. W. Harris , H. Harrison , S. He , W. He , X. H. He , Y. He , S. Heppelmann , N. Herrmann , E. Hoffman , L. Holub , C. Hu , Q. Hu , Y. Hu , H. Huang , H. Z. Huang , S. L. Huang , T. Huang , X. Huang , Y. Huang , T. J. Humanic , D. Isenhower , M. Isshiki , W. W. Jacobs , C. Jena , A. Jentsch , Y. Ji , J. Jia , K. Jiang , C. Jin , X. Ju , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , M. L. Kabir , S. Kagamaster , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , H. W. Ke , D. Keane , M. Kelsey , Y. V. Khyzhniak , D. P. Kikoła , B. Kimelman , D. Kincses , I. Kisel , A. Kiselev , A. G. Knospe , H. S. Ko , L. K. Kosarzewski , L. Kramarik , L. Kumar , S. Kumar , R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli , J. H. Kwasizur , R. Lacey , S. Lan , J. M. Landgraf , J. Lauret , A. Lebedev , J. H. Lee , Y. H. Leung , N. Lewis , C. Li , C. Li , W. Li , W. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , Y. Li , Z. Li , X. Liang , Y. Liang , R. Licenik , T. Lin , Y. Lin , M. A. Lisa , F. Liu , H. Liu , H. Liu , T. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , T. Ljubicic , W. J. Llope , R. S. Longacre , E. Loyd , T. Lu , N. S. Lukow , X. F. Luo , L. Ma , R. Ma , Y. G. Ma , N. Magdy , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , C. Markert , H. S. Matis , J. A. Mazer , G. McNamara , S. Mioduszewski , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , A. Mukherjee , M. I. Nagy , A. S. Nain , J. D. Nam , Md. Nasim , K. Nayak , D. Neff , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , T. Niida , R. Nishitani , T. Nonaka , A. S. Nunes , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , S. Oh , K. Okubo , B. S. Page , R. Pak , J. Pan , A. Pandav , A. K. Pandey , T. Pani , A. Paul , B. Pawlik , D. Pawlowska , C. Perkins , J. Pluta , B. R. Pokhrel , J. Porter , M. Posik , T. Protzman , V. Prozorova , N. K. Pruthi , M. Przybycien , J. Putschke , Z. Qin , H. Qiu , A. Quintero , C. Racz , S. K. Radhakrishnan , N. Raha , R. L. Ray , R. Reed , H. G. Ritter , M. Robotkova , J. L. Romero , D. Roy , P. Roy Chowdhury , L. Ruan , A. K. Sahoo , N. R. Sahoo , H. Sako , S. Salur , S. Sato , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , F-J. Seck , J. Seger , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , P. V. Shanmuganathan , M. Shao , T. Shao , R. Sharma , A. I. Sheikh , D. Y. Shen , K. Shen , S. S. Shi , Y. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , E. P. Sichtermann , R. Sikora , J. Singh , S. Singha , P. Sinha , M. J. Skoby , N. Smirnov , Y. Söhngen , W. Solyst , Y. Song , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , M. Stefaniak , D. J. Stewart , B. Stringfellow , A. A. P. Suaide , M. Sumbera , C. Sun , X. M. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , B. Surrow , Z. W. Sweger , P. Szymanski , A. H. Tang , Z. Tang , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , D. Tlusty , T. Todoroki , C. A. Tomkiel , S. Trentalange , R. E. Tribble , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , T. Truhlar , B. A. Trzeciak , O. D. Tsai , C. Y. Tsang , Z. Tu , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , J. Vanek , I. Vassiliev , V. Verkest , F. Videbæk , S. A. Voloshin , F. Wang , G. Wang , J. S. Wang , P. Wang , X. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , J. C. Webb , P. C. Weidenkaff , G. D. Westfall , D. Wielanek , H. Wieman , S. W. Wissink , R. Witt , J. Wu , J. Wu , X. Wu , Y. Wu , B. Xi , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , H. Xu , N. Xu , Q. H. Xu , Y. Xu , Z. Xu , Z. Xu , G. Yan , Z. Yan , C. Yang , Q. Yang , S. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , Y. Yu , H. Zbroszczyk , W. Zha , C. Zhang , D. Zhang , J. Zhang , S. Zhang , S. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , F. Zhao , J. Zhao , M. Zhao , C. Zhou , J. Zhou , Y. Zhou , X. Zhu , M. Zurek , M. Zyzak

Cumulants and Correlation Functions of Net-proton, Proton and Antiproton Multiplicity Distributions in Au+Au Collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

We report a systematic measurement of cumulants, $C_{n}$, for net-proton, proton and antiproton multiplicity distributions, and correlation functions, $\kappa_n$, for proton and antiproton multiplicity distributions up to the fourth order…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-03-28 STAR Collaboration , M. S. Abdallah , J. Adam , L. Adamczyk , J. R. Adams , J. K. Adkins , G. Agakishiev , I. Aggarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , I. Alekseev , D. M. Anderson , A. Aparin , E. C. Aschenauer , M. U. Ashraf , F. G. Atetalla , A. Attri , G. S. Averichev , V. Bairathi , W. Baker , J. G. Ball Cap , K. Barish , A. Behera , R. Bellwied , P. Bhagat , A. Bhasin , J. Bielcik , J. Bielcikova , I. G. Bordyuzhin , J. D. Brandenburg , A. V. Brandin , I. Bunzarov , J. Butterworth , X. Z. Cai , H. Caines , M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez , D. Cebra , I. Chakaberia , P. Chaloupka , B. K. Chan , F. -H. Chang , Z. Chang , N. Chankova-Bunzarova , A. Chatterjee , S. Chattopadhyay , D. Chen , J. Chen , J. H. Chen , X. Chen , Z. Chen , J. Cheng , M. Chevalier , S. Choudhury , W. Christie , X. Chu , H. J. Crawford , M. Csanád , M. Daugherity , T. G. Dedovich , I. M. Deppner , A. A. Derevschikov , A. Dhamija , L. Di Carlo , L. Didenko , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , J. C. Dunlop , N. Elsey , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , A. Ewigleben , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , F. M. Fawzi , S. Fazio , P. Federic , J. Fedorisin , C. J. Feng , Y. Feng , P. Filip , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , A. Francisco , C. Fu , L. Fulek , C. A. Gagliardi , T. Galatyuk , F. Geurts , N. Ghimire , A. Gibson , K. Gopal , X. Gou , D. Grosnick , A. Gupta , W. Guryn , A. I. Hamad , A. Hamed , Y. Han , S. Harabasz , M. D. Harasty , J. W. Harris , H. Harrison , S. He , W. He , X. H. He , Y. He , S. Heppelmann , S. Heppelmann , N. Herrmann , E. Hoffman , L. Holub , Y. Hu , H. Huang , H. Z. Huang , S. L. Huang , T. Huang , X. Huang , Y. Huang , T. J. Humanic , D. Isenhower , W. W. Jacobs , C. Jena , A. Jentsch , Y. Ji , J. Jia , K. Jiang , X. Ju , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , M. L. Kabir , S. Kagamaster , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , H. W. Ke , D. Keane , A. Kechechyan , Y. V. Khyzhniak , D. P. Kikoła , C. Kim , B. Kimelman , D. Kincses , I. Kisel , A. Kiselev , A. G. Knospe , L. Kochenda , L. K. Kosarzewski , L. Kramarik , P. Kravtsov , L. Kumar , S. Kumar , R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli , J. H. Kwasizur , R. Lacey , S. Lan , J. M. Landgraf , J. Lauret , A. Lebedev , R. Lednicky , J. H. Lee , Y. H. Leung , C. Li , C. Li , W. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , X. Liang , Y. Liang , R. Licenik , T. Lin , Y. Lin , M. A. Lisa , F. Liu , H. Liu , P. Liu , T. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , Z. Liu , T. Ljubicic , W. J. Llope , R. S. Longacre , E. Loyd , N. S. Lukow , X. Luo , L. Ma , R. Ma , Y. G. Ma , N. Magdy , R. Majka , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , C. Markert , H. S. Matis , J. A. Mazer , N. G. Minaev , S. Mioduszewski , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , D. A. Morozov , A. Mukherjee , M. Nagy , J. D. Nam , Md. Nasim , K. Nayak , D. Neff , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , G. Nigmatkulov , T. Niida , R. Nishitani , L. V. Nogach , T. Nonaka , A. S. Nunes , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , S. Oh , V. A. Okorokov , B. S. Page , R. Pak , A. Pandav , A. K. Pandey , Y. Panebratsev , P. Parfenov , B. Pawlik , D. Pawlowska , H. Pei , C. Perkins , L. Pinsky , R. L. Pintér , J. Pluta , B. R. Pokhrel , G. Ponimatkin , J. Porter , M. Posik , V. Prozorova , N. K. Pruthi , M. Przybycien , J. Putschke , H. Qiu , A. Quintero , C. Racz , S. K. Radhakrishnan , N. Raha , R. L. Ray , R. Reed , H. G. Ritter , M. Robotkova , O. V. Rogachevskiy , J. L. Romero , L. Ruan , J. Rusnak , N. R. Sahoo , H. Sako , S. Salur , J. Sandweiss , S. Sato , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , B. R. Schweid , F. Seck , J. Seger , M. Sergeeva , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , E. Shahaliev , P. V. Shanmuganathan , M. Shao , T. Shao , A. I. Sheikh , D. Shen , S. S. Shi , Y. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , E. P. Sichtermann , R. Sikora , M. Simko , J. Singh , S. Singha , M. J. Skoby , N. Smirnov , Y. Söhngen , W. Solyst , P. Sorensen , H. M. Spinka , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , M. Stefaniak , D. J. Stewart , M. Strikhanov , B. Stringfellow , A. A. P. Suaide , M. Sumbera , B. Summa , X. M. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , B. Surrow , D. N. Svirida , Z. W. Sweger , P. Szymanski , A. H. Tang , Z. Tang , A. Taranenko , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , D. Tlusty , T. Todoroki , M. Tokarev , C. A. Tomkiel , S. Trentalange , R. E. Tribble , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , T. Truhlar , B. A. Trzeciak , O. D. Tsai , Z. Tu , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , J. Vanek , A. N. Vasiliev , I. Vassiliev , V. Verkest , F. Videbæk , S. Vokal , S. A. Voloshin , F. Wang , G. Wang , J. S. Wang , P. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , J. C. Webb , P. C. Weidenkaff , L. Wen , G. D. Westfall , H. Wieman , S. W. Wissink , R. Witt , J. Wu , Y. Wu , B. Xi , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , H. Xu , N. Xu , Q. H. Xu , Y. Xu , Z. Xu , Z. Xu , C. Yang , Q. Yang , S. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , Y. Yu , H. Zbroszczyk , W. Zha , C. Zhang , D. Zhang , S. Zhang , S. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , J. Zhao , C. Zhou , X. Zhu , Z. Zhu , M. Zurek , M. Zyzak

Equation of state and cumulants of proton multiplicity in equilibrium near critical point from Pade estimates

The fluctuations of proton multiplicity in heavy-ion collisions are the key observables in the search for the QCD critical point. In this work we present an approach to constraining the cumulants of proton number based on the analytical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-03-26 Gokce Basar , Maneesha Pradeep , Mikhail Stephanov

Overview of fluctuation and correlation measurements

One of the ultimate goals of nuclear collision experiments at high energy is to map the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. A very challenging task is the determination of the QCD phase structure including the search for critical…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2021-02-03 Anar Rustamov

Multi-particle Integral and Differential Correlation Functions

This paper formalizes the use of integral and differential cumulants for measurements of multi-particle event-by-event transverse momentum fluctuations, rapidity fluctuations, as well as net charge fluctuations. This enables the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-10-12 Claude Pruneau , Victor Gonzalez , Ana Marin , Sumit Basu

Correcting Correlation Function Measurements

Correlation functions measured as a function of $\Delta \eta, \Delta \phi$ have emerged as a powerful tool to study the dynamics of particle production in nuclear collisions at high energy. They are however subject, like any other…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2014-02-26 Shantam Ravan , Prabhat Pujahari , Sidharth Prasad , Claude A. Pruneau

Exploring the QCD phase diagram through correlations and fluctuations

The exploration of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram is a central goal of relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments. This review focuses on the role of fluctuations and correlations as sensitive probes of the phase…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-12-05 Volker Koch , Volodymyr Vovchenko

Searching for the QCD critical point with net-proton number fluctuations

Net-proton number fluctuations can be measured experimentally and hence provide a source of important information about the matter created during relativistic heavy ion collisions. Particularly, they may give us clues about the conjectured…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-07-19 Michał Szymański , Marcus Bluhm , Krzysztof Redlich , Chihiro Sasaki

Searching for the QCD Critical Point through Fluctuations at RHIC

Fluctuations and correlations of conserved quantities (baryon number, strangeness, and charge) can be used to probe phases of strongly interacting QCD matter and the possible existence of a critical point in the phase diagram. The cumulants…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2018-08-14 Roli Esha

Charged-Particle Multiplicity Dependence of Net-Proton Cumulants in Zr+Zr and Ru+Ru Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV

We present measurements of cumulants of event-by-event net-proton distribution at mid-rapidity and their ratios up to the sixth order as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in Zr+Zr and Ru+Ru(isobars) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-11-10 The STAR Collaboration