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We developed a novel approach to identification and model testing in linear structural equation models (SEMs) based on auxiliary variables (AVs), which generalizes a widely-used family of methods known as instrumental variables. The…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-09 Bryant Chen , Daniel Kumor , Elias Bareinboim

Accounting for the complexity of psychological theories requires methods that can predict not only changes in the means of latent variables -- such as personality factors, creativity, or intelligence -- but also changes in their variances.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-27 Luna Fazio , Paul-Christian Bürkner

Testing whether a probability distribution is compatible with a given Bayesian network is a fundamental task in the field of causal inference, where Bayesian networks model causal relations. Here we consider the class of causal structures…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-04 Aditya Kela , Kai von Prillwitz , Johan Aberg , Rafael Chaves , David Gross

This paper develops a general causal inference method for treatment effects models with noisily measured confounders. The key feature is that a large set of noisy measurements are linked with the underlying latent confounders through an…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-10-14 Yingjie Feng

The inference of the causal relationship between a pair of observed variables is a fundamental problem in science, and most existing approaches are based on one single causal model. In practice, however, observations are often collected…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-13 Shoubo Hu , Zhitang Chen , Vahid Partovi Nia , Laiwan Chan , Yanhui Geng

Understanding the causal effects of organ-specific features from medical imaging on clinical outcomes is essential for biomedical research and patient care. We propose a novel Functional Linear Structural Equation Model (FLSEM) to capture…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-29 Ting Li , Ethan Fan , Tengfei Li , Hongtu Zhu

In a variety of disciplines such as social sciences, psychology, medicine and economics, the recorded data are considered to be noisy measurements of latent variables connected by some causal structure. This corresponds to a family of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-08-12 Ricardo Silva , Robert B. Gramacy

In a variety of disciplines such as social sciences, psychology, medicine and economics, the recorded data are considered to be noisy measurements of latent variables connected by some causal structure. This corresponds to a family of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2010-03-15 Ricardo Silva , Robert B. Gramacy

We study the problem of learning causal representations from unknown, latent interventions in a general setting, where the latent distribution is Gaussian but the mixing function is completely general. We prove strong identifiability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Simon Buchholz , Goutham Rajendran , Elan Rosenfeld , Bryon Aragam , Bernhard Schölkopf , Pradeep Ravikumar

A recent method for causal discovery is in many cases able to infer whether X causes Y or Y causes X for just two observed variables X and Y. It is based on the observation that there exist (non-Gaussian) joint distributions P(X,Y) for…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-10-12 Dominik Janzing , Bastian Steudel

This paper considers learning the hidden causal network of a linear networked dynamical system (NDS) from the time series data at some of its nodes -- partial observability. The dynamics of the NDS are driven by colored noise that generates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Augusto Santos , Diogo Rente , Rui Seabra , José M. F. Moura

In this work, we consider the problem of robust parameter estimation from observational data in the context of linear structural equation models (LSEMs). LSEMs are a popular and well-studied class of models for inferring causality in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Karthik Abinav Sankararaman , Anand Louis , Navin Goyal

Capturing the underlying structural causal relations represented by Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) has been a fundamental task in various AI disciplines. Causal DAG learning via the continuous optimization framework has recently achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Naiyu Yin , Tian Gao , Yue Yu , Qiang Ji

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a statistical method widely used in educational research to investigate relationships between variables. SEM models are typically constructed based on theoretical foundations and assessed through fit…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-05-31 Yangqiuting Li , Chandralekha Singh

Structural causal models are the basic modelling unit in Pearl's causal theory; in principle they allow us to solve counterfactuals, which are at the top rung of the ladder of causation. But they often contain latent variables that limit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Marco Zaffalon , Alessandro Antonucci , Rafael Cabañas

Causal inference is a crucial goal of science, enabling researchers to arrive at meaningful conclusions regarding the predictions of hypothetical interventions using observational data. Path models, Structural Equation Models (SEMs), and,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-11 Matthew J. Vowels

We consider recovering causal structure from multivariate observational data. We assume the data arise from a linear structural equation model (SEM) in which the idiosyncratic errors are allowed to be dependent in order to capture possible…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-11 Y. Samuel Wang , Mathias Drton

In nonlinear latent variable models or dynamic models, if we consider the latent variables as confounders (common causes), the noise dependencies imply further relations between the observed variables. Such models are then closely related…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Kun Zhang , Bernhard Schoelkopf , Dominik Janzing

The use of simulated data in the field of causal discovery is ubiquitous due to the scarcity of annotated real data. Recently, Reisach et al., 2021 highlighted the emergence of patterns in simulated linear data, which displays increasing…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-24 Francesco Montagna , Nicoletta Noceti , Lorenzo Rosasco , Francesco Locatello

The discovery of causal relationships from observational data is very challenging. Many recent approaches rely on complexity or uncertainty concepts to impose constraints on probability distributions, aiming to identify specific classes of…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-09 Aramayis Dallakyan , Yang Ni