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This paper presents a short and simple proof of the Four-Color Theorem that can be utterly checkable by human mathematicians, without computer assistance. The new key idea that has allowed it and the global structure of the proof are…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-11-05 André Luiz Barbosa

A topological space is introduced in this paper. Just liking the plane, it's continuous, however its $n+1$ regions couldn't be mutually adjacent. Some important phenomenon about its cross-section are discussed. The geometric generating…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Cao Zexin

This is the third in a sequence of three papers in which we prove the following generalization of Thomassen's 5-choosability theorem: Let $G$ be a finite graph embedded on a surface of genus $g$. Then $G$ can be $L$-colored, where $L$ is a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-22 Joshua Nevin

Hadwiger's Conjecture states that every graph with chromatic number $k$ contains a complete graph on $k$ vertices as a minor. This conjecture is a tremendous strengthening of the Four-Colour Theorem and is regarded as one of the most…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Jofre Costa , Eric Luu , David R. Wood , Jung Hon Yip

Let G be a combinatorial graph with vertices V and edges E. A proper coloring of G is an assignment of colors to the vertices such that no edge connects two vertices of the same color. These are the colorings considered in the famous Four…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-06-08 Bruce E Sagan

We prove a better coloring theorem for aleph_4 and even aleph_3. This has a general topology consequence.

Logic · Mathematics 2019-01-29 Saharon Shelah

We study the geometry of some proper 4-colorings of the vertices of sphere triangulations with degree sequence 6,...,6,2,2,2. Such triangulations are the simplest examples which have non-negative combinatorial curvature. The examples we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-12 Richard Evan Schwartz

There is an extensive history of scholarship into what constitutes a "basic" color term, as well as a broadly attested acquisition sequence of basic color terms across many languages, as articulated in the seminal work of Berlin and Kay…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Arya D. McCarthy , Winston Wu , Aaron Mueller , Bill Watson , David Yarowsky

In Euclidean Ramsey Theory usually we are looking for monochromatic configurations in the Euclidean space, whose points are colored with a fixed number of colors. In the canonical version, the number of colors is arbitrary, and we are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Panna Gehér , Arsenii Sagdeev , Géza Tóth

We explore a general method based on trees of elementary submodels in order to present highly simplified proofs to numerous results in infinite combinatorics. While countable elementary submodels have been employed in such settings already,…

Logic · Mathematics 2018-02-06 Dániel T. Soukup , Lajos Soukup

The famous four color theorem states that for all planar graphs, every vertex can be assigned one of 4 colors such that no two adjacent vertices receive the same color. Since Francis Guthrie first conjectured it in 1852, it is until 1976…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2015-03-13 Jin Xu

The road colouring theorem characterizes the class of strongly connected directed graphs with constant out-degree that admit a synchronizing road colouring. The subject of this paper is a pair of related conjectures that generalize the road…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-09-15 Theo Morrison

We prove an extension of the well-known combinatorial-topological lemma of E. Sperner to the case of infinite-dimensional cubes. It is obtained as a corollary to an infinitary extension of the Lebesgue Covering Dimension Theorem.

General Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Aarno Hohti

We prove that every cyclically 4-edge-connected cubic graph that can be embedded in the torus, with the exceptional graph class called "Petersen-like", is 3-edge-colorable. This means every (non-trivial) toroidal snark can be obtained from…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-13 Yuta Inoue , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi , Atsuyuki Miyashita , Bojan Mohar , Tomohiro Sonobe

The mean color number of an $n$-vertex graph $G$, denoted by $\mu(G)$, is the average number of colors used in all proper $n$-colorings of $G$. For any graph $G$ and a vertex $w$ in $G$, Dong (2003) conjectured that if $H$ is a graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-12 Wushuang Zhai , Yan Yang

We colour every point x of a probability space X according to the colours of a finite list x_1, ...., x_k of points such that each of the x_i, as a function of x, is a measure preserving transformation. We ask two questions about a…

Logic · Mathematics 2018-05-28 Robert Samuel Simon , Grzegorz Tomkowicz

The main result of this paper is a "colored Tverberg theorem for rainbow-unavoidable complexes". This theorem may be considered as a merging of two theorems: "Tverberg theorem for collectively unavoidable complexes" and "balanced colored…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-27 Mikhail Bludov

For the four-color theorem that has been developed over one and half centuries, all people believe it right but without complete proof convincing all1-3. Former proofs are to find the basic four-colorable patterns on a planar graph to…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-04-30 X. -J. Wang , T. -Q. Wang

The attempts to prove the Four Color Problem last for long years. A little hope arises that the properties of the minimal partial triangulations will be very useful for the solution of the Four Color Problem. That is why the material of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-06-04 Natalia Malinina

The well-known Steinberg's conjecture asserts that any planar graph without 4- and 5-cycles is 3 colorable. In this note we have given a short algorithmic proof of this conjecture based on the spiral chains of planar graphs proposed in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 I. Cahit