Related papers: Temperature structures in Galactic Center clouds -…

We perform one of the first spatially resolved studies of warm ($>$100 K) and cold (10-100 K) molecular gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM), focusing on the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) of a cool-core galaxy cluster, MACS1931-26 at…

The kinetic temperature structure of the massive filament DR21 has been mapped using the IRAM 30 m telescope. This mapping employed the para-H$_2$CO triplet ($J_{\rm K_aK_c}$ = 3$_{03}$--2$_{02}$, 3$_{22}$--2$_{21}$, and 3$_{21}$--2$_{20}$)…

Context: We investigated the molecular gas associated with 6.7 GHz methanol masers throughout the Galaxy using a J=1-0 transition of the CO isotopologues. Methods:Using the 13.7-meter telescope at the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO), we…

With the 30-m IRAM radio telescope, we observed several massive star forming regions at wavelengths of 3-4 and 2 mm. The temperature of the gas in the sources was estimated from the lines of CH$_{3}$CCH and from the transitions of the…

Galaxy formation depends on a complex interplay between gravitational collapse, gas accretion, merging, and feedback processes. Yet, after many decades of investigation, these concepts are poorly understood. This paper presents the argument…

The purpose of this paper is to describe a method for determining a cooling template for galaxies, using nearby galaxies, and applicable to future observations of distant galaxies. We observed two starburst galaxies (NGC 253 and Henize…

We present ISO observations of the S(0), S(1), S(2), and S(3) rotational lines of molecular hydrogen from two molecular clouds near the Galactic Center (GC). We have also measured continuum dust emission at infrared wavelengths with ISO and…

Stellar density and bar strength should affect the temperatures of the cool (T ~ 20-30 K) dust component in the inner regions of galaxies, which implies that the ratio of temperatures in the circumnuclear regions to the disk should depend…

Infrared absorption lines of H3+, including the metastable R(3,3)l line, have been observed toward eight bright infrared sources associated with hot and massive stars located in and between the Galactic Center Cluster and the Quintuplet…

Over the last decade, observations of the cool interstellar medium in distant galaxies via molecular and atomic fine structure line emission has gone from a curious look into a few extreme, rare objects, to a mainstream tool to study galaxy…

A 3 $\times$ 3 map of the Galactic Center was made at 9$\arcmin$ resolution and 10$\arcmin$ spacing in the CH $^2\Pi_{1/2}$, J=1/2, F=1-1 transition at 3335 MHz. The CH emission shows a velocity extent that is nearly that of the CO(1-0)…

The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ; inner $\sim{}200~\rm{}pc$) of the Milky Way is a star formation (SF) environment with very extreme physical properties. Exploration of SF in this region is important because (i) this region allows us to test…

We investigate ionization and heating of gas in the dense, shielded clumps/cores of molecular clouds bathed by an influx of energetic, charged cosmic rays (CRs). These molecular clouds have complex structures, with substantial variation in…

This {\it supplement} paper presents the maps of HCN $J$=4-3, HNC $J$=1-0, $\mathrm{H^{13}CN}$ $J$=1-0, and HC$_3$N $J$=10-9 for the Galactic central molecular zone (CMZ), which have been obtained using the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope…

The CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor ($\alpha_\rm{CO}$) is critical to studying molecular gas and star formation in galaxies. The value of $\alpha_\rm{CO}$ has been found to vary within and between galaxies, but the specific environmental…

The nuclear starburst within the central $\sim 15^{\prime\prime}$ ($\sim 250$ pc; $1^{\prime\prime} \simeq 17$ pc) of NGC253 has been extensively studied as a prototype for the starburst phase in galactic evolution. Atacama Large…

Spectra in the CH $^2\Pi_{1/2}$, J=1/2, F=1-1 transition at 3335 MHz were obtained in three 5-point crosses centered on the Galactic plane at $\ell =$ 50$\arcdeg$, 100$\arcdeg$, and 110$\arcdeg$. The lines of sight traverse both Giant…

There is growing evidence that the properties of the molecular gas in the nuclei of starburst galaxies and in AGN may be very different from those seen in Galactic star forming regions and that a high kinetic temperature in the molecular…

Molecular cloud collisions are a prominent theory for the formation of stars. Observational studies into cloud collisions identify the collision via a bridging feature: a continuous strip of line emission that connects two intensity peaks…

Multiple molecular lines with radiative transfer modelling are a powerful tool to probe the physics of star-forming gas in galaxies. We investigate the gas properties in the centre of the spiral galaxy NGC 2903 using low-J CO lines, i.e.…