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The energetic electrons of the inner radiation belt during a geomagnetic disturbance can penetrate in the forbidden range of drift shells located at the heights of the topside equatorial ionosphere (<1000 km). A good correlation was…

Space Physics · Physics 2013-01-14 A. V. Suvorova , L. -C. Tsai , A. V. Dmitriev

Cosmic rays and solar energetic particles may be accelerated to relativistic energies by shock waves in astrophysical plasmas. On the Sun, shocks and particle acceleration are often associated with the eruption of magnetized plasmoids,…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 Eoin P. Carley , David M. Long , Jason P. Byrne , Pietro Zucca , D. Shaun Bloomfield , Joseph McCauley , Peter T. Gallagher

Bow shocks can be formed around planets due to their interaction with the coronal medium of the host stars. The net velocity of the particles impacting on the planet determines the orientation of the shock. At the Earth's orbit, the (mainly…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 A. A. Vidotto , J. Llama , M. Jardine , Ch. Helling , K. Wood

Origin of energetic upstream ions propagating towards the Sun from the Earth's bow shock is not understood clearly. In this letter, relationship between solar wind suprathermal and upstream ions has been investigated by analyzing fluxes of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-18 Bijoy Dalal , Dibyendu Chakrabarty , Christina M. S. Cohen , Nandita Srivastava

In addition to the ponderomotive acceleration of highly relativistic electrons at interaction of very short and very intense laser pulses, a further acceleration is derived from the interaction of these electron beams with the spontaneous…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hong Liu , X. T. He , Heinrich Hora

Collisionless shocks are efficient particle accelerators. At Earth, ions with energies exceeding 100 keV are seen upstream of the bow shock when the magnetic geometry is quasi-parallel, and large-scale supernova remnant shocks can…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-03-23 Torbjörn Sundberg , Christopher T. Haynes , David Burgess , Christian X. Mazelle

The absence of the expected GZK cutoff strongly challenges the notion that the highest-energy cosmic rays are of distant extragalactic origin. We discuss the possibility that these ultra-high-energy events originate in our Galaxy and…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. V. Olinto , R. I. Epstein , P. Blasi

Upstream of shocks, the foreshock is filled with hot ions. When these ions are concentrated and thermalized around a discontinuity, a diamagnetic cavity bounded by compressional boundaries, referred to as a foreshock transient, forms.…

Space Physics · Physics 2020-09-25 Xin An , Terry Z. Liu , Jacob Bortnik , Adnane Osmane , Vassilis Angelopoulos

Earth's bow shock is known to produce non-thermal electrons which are generally observed as a `spike' in their flux profile. Here, in this paper, we present an analysis of electron and whistler wave properties for a quasi-perpendicular…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 M. Oka , T. Terasawa , M. Fujimoto , H. Matsui , Y. Kasaba , Y. Saito , H. Kojima , H. Matsumoto , T. Mukai

We report observations of energetic electron flux and Phase Space Density (PSD) to show that a relatively weak magnetic storm with $Sym-H_{min} \approx -50 $nT, resulted in a relativistic and ultra--relativistic electron enhancement of two…

An extreme case of electron shock drift acceleration in low Mach number collisionless shocks is investigated as a plausible mechanism of initial acceleration of relativistic electrons in large-scale shocks in galaxy clusters where upstream…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-30 Shuichi Matsukiyo , Yutaka Ohira , Ryo Yamazaki , Takayuki Umeda

Electrons are accelerated to high, non-thermal energies during explosive energy-release events in space, such as magnetic reconnection. However, the properties and acceleration mechanisms of relativistic electrons directly associated with…

Collisionless shock waves, ubiquitous in the universe, are crucial for particle acceleration in various astrophysical systems. Currently, the heliosphere is the only natural environment available for their in situ study. In this work, we…

The process that allows cosmic rays to escape from their sources and be released into the Galaxy is still largely unknown. The comparison between cosmic-ray electron and proton spectra measured at Earth suggests that electrons are released…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-10-14 Giovanni Morlino , Silvia Celli

Large parallel ($\leq$ 100 mV/m) and perpendicular ($\leq$ 600 mV/m) electric fields were measured in the Earth's bow shock by the vector electric field experiment on the Polar satellite. These are the first reported direct measurements of…

Space Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 S. D. Bale , F. S. Mozer

According to the solar protons' data observed by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) and neutron monitors on the ground of the Earth, and near-relativistic electrons data measured by the ACE spacecraft, the onset times…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-07-25 Ming-Xian Zhao , Gui-Ming Le , Yu-Tian Chi

Using our new 3-D relativistic electromagnetic particle (REMP) code parallelized with MPI, we investigated long-term particle acceleration associated with a relativistic electron-positron jet propagating in an unmagnetized ambient…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2011-01-26 K. -I. Nishikawa , J. Niemiec , M. Medvedev , B. Zhang , P. Hardee , A. Nordlund , J. Frederiksen , Y. Mizuno , H. Sol , M. Pohl , D. H. Hartmann , M. Oka , G. J. Fishman

We examine limits to the energy to which cosmic rays can be accelerated by relativistic shocks, showing that acceleration of light ions as high as 100 EeV is unlikely. The implication of our estimates is that if ultra-high energy cosmic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-11-15 AR Bell , AT Araudo , JH Matthews , KM Blundell

Thermal electrons have gyroradii many orders of magnitude smaller than the finite width of a shock, thus need to be pre-accelerated before they can cross it and be accelerated by diffusive shock acceleration. One region where…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Paul J. Morris , Artem Bohdan , Martin S. Weidl , Michelle Tsirou , Karol Fulat , Martin Pohl

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond transient astrophysical phenomena and bright at radio frequencies. The emission mechanism, however, remains unsolved yet. One scenario is a coherent emission associated with the magnetar flares and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-01-22 Masanori Iwamoto , Yosuke Matsumoto , Takanobu Amano , Shuichi Matsukiyo , Masahiro Hoshino