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The zero forcing number is a graph invariant introduced to study the minimum rank of the graph. In 2008, Aazami proved the NP-hardness of computing the zero forcing number of a simple undirected graph. We complete this NP-hardness result by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Maguy Trefois , Jean-Charles Delvenne

Probabilistic zero-forcing is a coloring process on a graph. In this process, an initial set of vertices is colored blue, and the remaining vertices are colored white. At each time step, blue vertices have a non-zero probability of forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-26 David Hu , Alec Sun

The zero forcing number of a simple graph, written $Z(G)$, is a NP-hard graph invariant which is the result of the zero forcing color change rule. This graph invariant has been heavily studied by linear algebraists, physicists, and graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-02-12 Randy Davila , Michael Henning

A connected forcing set of a graph is a zero forcing set that induces a connected subgraph. In this paper, we introduce and study CF-dense graphs -- graphs in which every vertex belongs to some minimum connected forcing set. We identify…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-16 Boris Brimkov , Randy Davila , Houston Schuerger

Given a graph $G$, the zero forcing number of $G$, $Z(G)$, is the smallest cardinality of any set $S$ of vertices on which repeated applications of the forcing rule results in all vertices being in $S$. The forcing rule is: if a vertex $v$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-21 Aidan Johnson , Andrew E. Vick , Darren A. Narayan

Zero forcing is a process that models the spread of information throughout a graph as white vertices are forced to turn blue using a color change rule. The idea of throttling, introduced in 2013 by Butler and Young, is to optimize the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-11 Jurgen Kritschgau , Josh Carlson

The zero forcing number is the minimum number of black vertices that can turn a white graph black following a single neighbour colour forcing rule. The zero forcing number provides topological information about linear algebra on graphs,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-10 Alexei Vazquez

This paper begins the study of reconfiguration of zero forcing sets, and more specifically, the zero forcing graph. Given a base graph $G$, its zero forcing graph, $\mathscr{Z}(G)$, is the graph whose vertices are the minimum zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-02 Jesse Geneson , Ruth Haas , Leslie Hogben

A zero forcing set is a set $S$ of vertices of a graph $G$, called forced vertices of $G$, which are able to force the entire graph by applying the following process iteratively: At any particular instance of time, if any forced vertex has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Jessy Sujana G. , T. M. Rajalaxmi , Indra Rajasingh , R. Sundara Rajan

A dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ starts with an initial subset $F$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each time step, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor forces this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-21 Meysam Alishahi , Elahe Rezaei-Sani , Elahe Sharifi

Probabilistic zero forcing is a graph coloring process in which blue vertices "infect" (color blue) white vertices with a probability proportional to the number of neighboring blue vertices. We introduce reversion probabilistic zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Zachary Brennan

Zero forcing (also called graph infection) on a simple, undirected graph $G$ is based on the color-change rule: If each vertex of $G$ is colored either white or black, and vertex $v$ is a black vertex with only one white neighbor $w$, then…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-10-21 Leslie Hogben , My Huynh , Nicole Kingsley , Sarah Meyer , Shanise Walker , Michael Young

The zero forcing number Z(G), which is the minimum number of vertices in a zero forcing set of a graph G, is used to study the maximum nullity / minimum rank of the family of symmetric matrices described by G. It is shown that for a…

Zero forcing is a dynamic coloring process on graphs. Initially, each vertex of a graph is assigned a color of either blue or white, and then a process begins by which blue vertices force white vertices to become blue. The zero forcing…

Zero forcing is a coloring game played on a graph where each vertex is initially colored blue or white and the goal is to color all the vertices blue by repeated use of a (deterministic) color change rule starting with as few blue vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-06-27 Yu Chan , Emelie Curl , Jesse Geneson , Leslie Hogben , Kevin Liu , Issac Odegard , Michael S. Ross

Zero forcing is a process on a graph $G = (V,E)$ in which a set of initially colored vertices,$B_0(G) \subset V(G)$, can color their neighbors according to the color change rule. The color change rule states that if a vertex $v$ can color a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-06 Rebekah Herrman , Grace Wisdom

Connections between vital linkages and zero forcing are established. Specifically, the notion of a rigid linkage is introduced as a special kind of unique linkage and it is shown that spanning forcing paths of a zero forcing process form a…

In a zero forcing process, vertices of a graph are colored black and white initially, and if there exists a black vertex adjacent to exactly one white vertex, then the white vertex is forced to be black. A zero blocking set is an initial…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-14 Hau-Yi Lin , Wu-Hsiung Lin , Gerard Jennhwa Chang

The zero forcing number and the positive zero forcing number of a graph are two graph parameters that arise from two types of graph colourings. The zero forcing number is an upper bound on the minimum number of induced paths in the graph,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-11-28 Fatemeh Alinaghipour Taklimi , Shaun Fallat , Karen Meagher

Zero forcing is a coloring game played on a graph that was introduced more than ten years ago in several different applications. The goal is to color all the vertices blue by repeated use of a (deterministic) color change rule.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-12-31 Jesse Geneson , Leslie Hogben